{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T17:40:11Z","timestamp":1758908411135,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Project of Natural Science Youth Foundation of Hunan Province","award":["2023JJ40530"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023JJ40530"]}]},{"name":"Research Project of the Education Department of Hunan Province","award":["23B0778"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23B0778"]}]},{"name":"Research Project of the Education Department of Hunan Province","award":["21C0717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21C0717"]}]},{"name":"Chenzhou City social science project","award":["CZSSKL2016039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZSSKL2016039"]}]},{"name":"Chenzhou City social science project","award":["CZSSKL2024147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZSSKL2024147"]}]},{"name":"Teaching Reform Project of Ordinary Higher Education Institutions in Hunan Province","award":["HNJG-2021-0972"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HNJG-2021-0972"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Project of Xiangnan University","award":["2018XJ23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018XJ23"]}]},{"name":"the Chenzhou City Science and Technology Bureau project","award":["2021JCYJ03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JCYJ03"]}]},{"name":"the Research and Development Center for Big Data Simulation Technology in the Prevention and Monitoring of Heavy Metal Ion Water Pollution in Chenzhou","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"The Nanling Characteristic Chinese medicine resources protection and utilization of the key laboratory in Hunan Province","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Special Project Construction of Science and Technology Innovation Service Platform for Industrial Elements in Chenzhou","award":["2022sfq51"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022sfq51"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Given the severe environmental and health risks posed by heavy metal pollutants such as mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and arsenic (As), the development of highly efficient and selective capture materials is critically important.This study explores the molecular structural characteristics of complexes formed by substituting the central palladium atom in nitrogen-heterocyclic carbene complexes with mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and arsenic (As). For all the complexes, the simulated infrared and ultraviolet-visible spectra, Wiberg bond indices, as well as the binding ability of nitrogen-heterocyclic carbene ligands to the central atom were assessed. The results show that the complexes obtained when the central atom is replaced by Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr, or As are stable and display unique spectral features. Significantly, nitrogen-heterocyclic carbene has the strongest binding affinity for Pd. The complexes of chromium substitutes possess relatively high chemical stability. These findings will offer important references for future pollution control and support the specific capture of the five studied heavy metals, and enrichment of Cr using nitrogen-heterocyclic carbene ligands.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0330984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T17:24:16Z","timestamp":1758907456000},"page":"e0330984","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In-depth investigation into the binding capabilities of palladium-based N-heterocyclic carbenes towards five heavy metals: Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr, and As"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2964-6966","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianghe","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian Ru","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7670-4798","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wenbo","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0330984.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2020.106","article-title":"Antibiotics in drinking water and health risks - China, 2017","volume":"2","author":"J Lyu","year":"2020","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly"},{"key":"pone.0330984.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2017.02.002","article-title":"Inorganic mercury prevents the differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells: amyloid precursor protein, microtubule associated proteins and ROS as potential targets","volume":"41","author":"MC Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0330984.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b20-00806","article-title":"Dietary fructooligosaccharides reduce mercury levels in the brain of mice exposed to methylmercury","volume":"44","author":"M Nagano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"key":"pone.0330984.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111642","article-title":"Effects of low-level mercury exposure on brain-derived neurotrophic factor in preschool children","volume":"208","author":"C-C Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"pone.0330984.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2015.09.010","article-title":"High mercury seafood consumption associated with fatigue at specialty medical clinics on Long Island, NY","volume":"2","author":"S Kothari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330984.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1071\/AJ22136","article-title":"Mercury management during decommissioning: predicting accumulation and mitigating risk of release","volume":"63","author":"L Ellery","year":"2023","journal-title":"APPEA J"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0330984.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-021-02827-7","article-title":"Protective role of the essential trace elements in the obviation of cadmium toxicity: glimpses of mechanisms","volume":"200","author":"S Bhattacharya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0330984.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4071","article-title":"Genotoxicity and neonatal subchronic toxicity assessment of a novel mixture of the human-identical milk oligosaccharides lacto-N-fucopentaose I and 2\u2019-fucosyllactose","volume":"41","author":"KR Phipps","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Appl Toxicol"},{"key":"pone.0330984.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.01.002","article-title":"Cadmium exposure induces inflammation through the canonical NF-\u03ba\u0392 pathway in monocytes\/macrophages of Channa punctatus Bloch","volume":"110","author":"C Choudhury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0330984.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.132374","article-title":"Characterization of cadmium accumulation in the cell walls of leaves in a low-cadmium rice line and strengthening by foliar silicon application","volume":"287","author":"J Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"pone.0330984.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.12.019","article-title":"Autophagy-mediated cytoplasmic accumulation of p53 leads to apoptosis through DRAM-BAX in cadmium-exposed human proximal tubular cells","volume":"534","author":"H-Y Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330984.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.2174\/1573402117666210121102405","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction induced by cadmium and mercury and its relationship to hypertension","volume":"17","author":"AC Martins","year":"2021","journal-title":"CHYR"},{"key":"pone.0330984.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2016.05.068","article-title":"Effect of bamboo and rice straw biochars on the mobility and redistribution of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) in contaminated soil","volume":"186","author":"K Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0330984.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.3390\/app13020712","article-title":"Toxicity of different chemical components in sun cream filters and their impact on human health: a review","volume":"13","author":"S Santander Ballest\u00edn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0330984.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8254","DOI":"10.3390\/app13148254","article-title":"Effects of waste cement on the extractability of Cd, soil enzyme activities, cadmium accumulation, activities of antioxidant enzymes, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in lettuce","volume":"13","author":"X Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0330984.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2006.05.011","article-title":"Heavy metal accumulation and metallothionein concentration in the frog Rana ridibunda after exposure to chromium or a mixture of chromium and cadmium","volume":"145","author":"NS Loumbourdis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0330984.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-004-1349-2","article-title":"Effects of exposure to a mixture of cadmium and chromium on detoxification enzyme (GST, P450-MO) activities in the frog Rana ridibunda","volume":"14","author":"I Kostaropoulos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0330984.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1110(94)90025-6","article-title":"Genetic toxicity of 2-acetylaminofluorene, 2-aminofluorene and some of their metabolites and model metabolites","volume":"318","author":"RH Heflich","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"pone.0330984.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.08.085","article-title":"Bioavailability and soil-to-plant transfer factors as indicators of potentially toxic element contamination in agricultural soils","author":"P Adamo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0330984.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-023-06497-0","article-title":"Reuse of treated domestic sewage for irrigation purposes using the algal-based treatment system","volume":"234","author":"M Jothieswari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0330984.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.14.036","article-title":"Environmental source of arsenic exposure","volume":"47","author":"J-Y Chung","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Prev Med Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0330984.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.05.043","article-title":"The global menace of arsenic and its conventional remediation - a critical review","volume":"158","author":"A Sarkar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0330984.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-014-1993-y","article-title":"Heavy metal and arsenic resistance of the halophyte Atriplex halimus L. along a gradient of contamination in a French mediterranean spray zone","volume":"225","author":"J Rabier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut"},{"key":"pone.0330984.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110404","article-title":"Intestinal homeostasis disruption in mice chronically exposed to arsenite-contaminated drinking water","volume":"373","author":"A Domene","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0330984.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32285","article-title":"Hepatic fibrosis 2022: unmet needs and a blueprint for the future","volume":"75","author":"SL Friedman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0330984.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9142","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-8462-2","article-title":"Arsenic uptake, accumulation and toxicity in rice plants: possible remedies for its detoxification: a review","volume":"24","author":"HF Bakhat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0330984.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-024-07170-w","article-title":"Bioremediation of heavy metal lead (Pb) by enteric bacteria and metagenomic analysis of an endogenic earthworm metaphire nanaoensis found in the semi-urban paddy fields of Kamrup District, Assam","volume":"235","author":"P Bora","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0330984.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1039\/D2JA00414C","article-title":"Mercury determination in bioresorbable calcium phosphate using a new electrothermal vaporization system coupled to ICP-MS","volume":"38","author":"JS Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Anal At Spectrom"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0330984.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15040723","article-title":"Concerns about quadrupole ICP-MS lead isotopic data and interpretations in the environment and health fields","volume":"15","author":"B Gulson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0330984.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2009.11.016","article-title":"Evaluation of a new electrolytic cold vapor generation system for mercury determination by AFS","volume":"80","author":"W Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0330984.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1134\/S1061934823030073","article-title":"Determination of trace mercury in water samples by cloud point extraction coupled with atomic fluorescence spectrometry","volume":"78","author":"J-L Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Anal Chem"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0330984.ref032","first-page":"792","article-title":"Determination of trace cadmium in environment water samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry using flow injection on-line preconcentration with double microcolumns","volume":"25","author":"WJ Kang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spectrosc Spectral Anal"},{"key":"pone.0330984.ref033","first-page":"141","article-title":"Determination of lead and cadmium in tea by graphite furnace atomic absorption","volume":"30","author":"H-Y Mu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev Anal Chem"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0330984.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5280","DOI":"10.1039\/D0AN00944J","article-title":"Ensuring high selectivity for preconcentration and detection of ultra-trace cadmium using a phage-functionalized metal-organic framework","volume":"145","author":"Y-K Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"issue":"07","key":"pone.0330984.ref035","first-page":"54","article-title":"Determination of the content of arsenic in drinking water by silver-salt method","volume":"18","author":"Q Zeng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Guangdong Trace Elem Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0330984.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2004.09.045","article-title":"A rapid colorimetric method for measuring arsenic concentrations in groundwater","volume":"526","author":"RK Dhar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anal Chim Acta"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0330984.ref037","article-title":"Enantioselective seleno-michael addition reactions catalyzed by a chiral bifunctional N-heterocyclic carbene with noncovalent activation","volume":"61","author":"E Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0330984.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6980","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.2c01749","article-title":"\u201cHidden\u201d nanoscale catalysis in alkyne hydrogenation with well-defined molecular Pd\/NHC complexes","volume":"12","author":"EA Denisova","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Catal"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0330984.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9313","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.3c01824","article-title":"N-heterocyclic carbenes capped metal nanoparticles: an overview of their catalytic scope","volume":"13","author":"M Ghosh","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Catal"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0330984.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9457","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00067","article-title":"Electronic properties of N-heterocyclic carbenes and their experimental determination","volume":"118","author":"HV Huynh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"pone.0330984.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jorganchem.2024.123129","article-title":"Bridged NHC-Pd(II) complexes: synthesis, DFT calculations, molecular docking, and investigation of catalytic and biological activities","volume":"1011","author":"T F\u0131rat","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Organomet Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0330984.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3730","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00505","article-title":"N-heterocyclic carbene complexes of copper, nickel, and cobalt","volume":"119","author":"AA Danopoulos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"pone.0330984.ref043","first-page":"111421","article-title":"Different paths lead to the same destination: the mechanism of photocatalytic oxidation of As(III) by polyoxometalates","volume":"503","author":"J Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Catal"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0330984.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/aoc.6137","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of novel ferrocenylmethylamine derivatives as cytotoxic agents","volume":"35","author":"CJ Savani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Organomet Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0330984.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-024-07183-5","article-title":"Experimental and theoretical investigation of olive mill solid waste biochar for vanillic acid adsorption using DFT\/B3LYP analysis","volume":"235","author":"I Rabichi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0330984.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1007\/s40042-020-00033-7","article-title":"Relativistic scalar and vector potentials calculated using a non-relativistic nuclear potential","volume":"78","author":"KS Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Korean Phys Soc"},{"key":"pone.0330984.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2023.114890","article-title":"Carbazole-BODIPY dyads: synthesis, characterization, photophysical and antimicrobial properties","volume":"443","author":"H Eserci G\u00fcrb\u00fcz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol A Chem"},{"issue":"08","key":"pone.0330984.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550061","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219633615500613","article-title":"Molecular structure, spectroscopic (IR, Raman, Ultra Violet-Visible) and nonlinear optical investigation on DCBLPZ: a novel semiorganic NLO material","volume":"14","author":"M Shkir","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Theor Comput Chem"},{"issue":"47","key":"pone.0330984.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32520","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b10881","article-title":"Enabling design of advanced elastomer with bioinspired metal-oxygen coordination","volume":"8","author":"X Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"pone.0330984.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.141240","article-title":"Highly active rare earth sulfur oxides used for membrane modification of lithium sulfur batteries","volume":"457","author":"L Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem Eng J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0330984.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comptc.2011.03.040","article-title":"DFT interpretation of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of C,N-diphenyl nitrone to methyl crotonate in terms of reactivity indices, interaction energy and activation parameters","volume":"967","author":"N Acharjee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput Theor Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0330984.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1007\/s11224-020-01576-y","article-title":"Influence of decoration with Si and Ge atoms on the sensitivity of boron nitride nanocone towards temozolomide anticancer drugs","volume":"31","author":"L Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Struct Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0330984.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-9601(94)91288-2","article-title":"Calculations of the thermal expansion, cohesive energy and thermodynamic stability of a Van der Waals crystal - fullerene C60","volume":"194","author":"VI Zubov","year":"1994","journal-title":"Phys Lett A"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0330984.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4122","DOI":"10.1039\/D2DT03665G","article-title":"Synthesis and a combined experimental\/theoretical structural study of a comprehensive set of Pd\/NHC complexes with o-, m-, and p-halogen-substituted aryl groups (X = F, Cl, Br, CF3)","volume":"52","author":"RO Pankov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dalton Trans"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0330984","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T17:24:26Z","timestamp":1758907466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0330984"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Yusuf Oloruntoyin","family":"Ayipo,","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0330984","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]}}}