{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T01:06:14Z","timestamp":1791075974103,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008006","name":"Yibin University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.412-2022QH23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.412-2022QH23"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015345","name":"Key Laboratory of Hunan Province\u00e2\u20ac\u201d\u00e2\u20ac\u0153Energy Saving Control and Safety Monitoring of Rail Transportation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.QCCK2019-006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.QCCK2019-006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015345","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Yibin Federation of Social Science Associations","award":["No. 2024YBSKL81"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2024YBSKL81"]}]},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center Project for Shipping and Logistics in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River","award":["No. XTCX2024B11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. XTCX2024B11"]}]},{"name":"Jiangmen science and technology planning project","award":["No.2021030101730004367"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.2021030101730004367"]}]},{"name":"Jiangmen science and technology planning project","award":["No.2022030100950003858"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.2022030100950003858"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the pandemic, the amount of infectious medical waste has increased dramatically. Currently, the medical waste recycling process generally suffers from defects such as long distances, high costs, and a lack of emergency response mechanisms. This paper addresses the problem of medical waste collection and route optimization for regions with multiple vehicle types and stages. It comprehensively considers factors such as transportation costs, distance, vehicle allocation, and contamination risks during the collection and distribution of medical waste. The goal is to minimize transportation costs and risks, with constraints including uniqueness, connectivity between nodes, and vehicle load capacity. A segmented collection approach is used to model the medical waste collection process. An optimization method for medical waste collection site selection and vehicle routing is proposed. Given the NP-hard nature of the problem, a location allocation method based on minimum envelope clustering analysis is employed, and an improved NSGA-II algorithm incorporating a fast non-dominated sorting mechanism is designed to obtain Pareto optimal solutions. Comparing with the results of traditional genetic algorithms through simulation, the results show that using the improved NSGA-II to solve practical problems: 1. When the production of medical waste is flat (1 disposal center, 4 backup transfer points, 58 producing points), the total cost is reduced by 13.94%, the total mileage is reduced by 7.17%, the full load rate is increased by 6.14%, and the convergence time is 26 seconds. 2. When the production of medical waste increased significantly (1 disposal center, multiple backup transfer points, 58 producing points), the total cost, total mileage, and transportation risk were reduced by 9.50%, 10.35%, and 2.03%, respectively, and the full load rate increased by 5.98%. The final results also indicate that compared to the results obtained by traditional genetic algorithms, the improved NSGA-II algorithm performs better in solving the optimization problem of infectious medical waste transportation routes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0330996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T17:29:17Z","timestamp":1758907757000},"page":"e0330996","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Research on optimization of transportation routes for infectious medical 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