{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T21:14:17Z","timestamp":1757625257584,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sultan Qaboos University (SQU) and the Diwan of Royal Court under His Majesty Trust Fund","award":["SR\/DVC\/CESR\/22\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SR\/DVC\/CESR\/22\/01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Designing sustainable Flood Control Systems (FCSs) requires considering both the resiliency of the system and the long-term viability of investments. In this regard, our research aimed at integrating concepts of hydrological resiliency and cost-benefit analysis to design the most effective flood control network. To do so, first, the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was developed for simulating flood condition. Then, this model was coupled with the Pareto Envelope-based Selection Algorithm-II (PESA-II) to identify the optimal channels\u2019 characteristics and generate a range of non-dominated solutions that balance implementation costs, system resilience (measured by the Simple Urban Flood Resilience Index, SUFRI), and overflow. Different flood management scenarios extracted for North Al-Batinah, Oman, a region under extreme flood events, exhibited high resilience and effectively reduced system overflow with reasonable costs. This highlights the value of optimization in resolving the conflicting objectives inherent in FCS design. Finally, net present values evaluated the long-term economic viability of each management scenario. The results revealed that strategies with moderate design costs and higher SUFRI values yielded optimal financial returns and substantial flood risk reductions. Also, the selected alternative based on net present value could reduce flood volume by 77.9%. This research underscores the critical role of incorporating resilience and cost-benefit analysis into FCS design to enhance the decision-making process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0331225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T17:27:32Z","timestamp":1757438852000},"page":"e0331225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Shaping resilient flood control system design through net present value assessments"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9786-0282","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ghazi","family":"Al-Rawas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Nikoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Hassani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5347-4176","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seyyed Farid Mousavi","family":"Janbehsarayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hossein Hosseinzadeh","family":"Kouhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8172-696X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad Hossein","family":"Niksokhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0331225.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cliser.2023.100424","article-title":"The value of advanced flood models, damage costs and land use data in cost-effective climate change adaptation","volume":"32","author":"K Halsn\u00e6s","year":"2023","journal-title":"Climate Services"},{"key":"pone.0331225.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162973","article-title":"Extreme flood in Pakistan: is Pakistan paying the cost of climate change? A short communication","volume":"880","author":"K Shehzad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0331225.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-022-01540-0","article-title":"Cost-effective adaptation strategies to rising river flood risk in Europe","volume":"13","author":"F Dottori","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Clim Chang"},{"key":"pone.0331225.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118515","article-title":"Evaluating the effect of urban flooding reduction strategies in response to design rainfall and low impact development","volume":"242","author":"P Hua","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0331225.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2022.312","article-title":"A practical method for rehabilitation of stormwater collecting system by node flooding detection and regional hydraulic redesign: a case study of eastern Tehran metropolis","volume":"86","author":"S Barkhordari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Sci Technol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0331225.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.2166\/wpt.2022.138","article-title":"Tracking the damages of the Shaheen cyclone in the Sultanate of Oman","volume":"17","author":"OR Ibrahim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Pract Technol"},{"key":"pone.0331225.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2019.101151","article-title":"Geospatial modelling of tropical cyclone risks to the southern Oman coasts","volume":"40","author":"S Mansour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduction"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0331225.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2017.1396441","article-title":"Flooding risk analysis: a case study of Muscat Governorate, Sultanate of Oman","volume":"24","author":"T Al-Awadhi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Human Ecol Risk Assess"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0331225.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2010.50","article-title":"Care or Cry: Three years from Cyclone Gonu. What have we learnt?","volume":"25","author":"S Al-Shaqsi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oman Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0331225.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25887","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-76232-0","article-title":"Near future flash flood prediction in an arid region under climate change","volume":"14","author":"G Al-Rawas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0331225.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.142737","article-title":"Integrated nonurban-urban flood management using multi-objective optimization of LIDs and detention dams based on game theory approach","volume":"462","author":"MR Hassani","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0331225.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2021.273","article-title":"Redesign of stormwater collection canal based on flood exceedance probability using the ant colony optimization: study area of eastern Tehran metropolis","volume":"84","author":"SA Lord","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Sci Technol"},{"key":"pone.0331225.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2022.103789","article-title":"Rethinking urban storm water management through resilience \u2013 The case for using green infrastructure in our warming world","volume":"128","author":"S Hettiarachchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cities"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0331225.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.3390\/w14060902","article-title":"A socio-economic and environmental analysis of the implementation of sustainable urban drainage systems in Vega Baja\u2014Alicante (Spain)","volume":"14","author":"A Ortu\u00f1o","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"pone.0331225.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2019.101377","article-title":"Analyzing investments in flood protection structures: a real options approach","volume":"43","author":"LA Gomez-Cunya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduction"},{"key":"pone.0331225.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2019.101288","article-title":"Mapping flood vulnerability from socioeconomic classes and GI data: Linking socially resilient policies to geographically sustainable neighborhoods using PLS-SEM","volume":"41","author":"M Imran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Disaster Risk Reduction"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0331225.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-318X.2011.01119.x","article-title":"Real options in flood risk management decision making","volume":"4","author":"M Woodward","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Flood Risk Management"},{"key":"pone.0331225.ref018","volume-title":"Storm water management model user\u2019s manual, version 5.0","author":"LA Rossman","year":"2010"},{"key":"pone.0331225.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.118482","article-title":"BK-SWMM flood simulation framework is being proposed for urban storm flood modeling based on uncertainty parameter crowdsourcing data from a single functional region","volume":"344","author":"C Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"key":"pone.0331225.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2023.106906","article-title":"Spatial layout optimization of green infrastructure based on life-cycle multi-objective optimization algorithm and SWMM model","volume":"191","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Resour Conserv Recycl"},{"key":"pone.0331225.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121244","article-title":"New optimization strategies for SWMM modeling of stormwater quality applications in urban area","volume":"361","author":"MN Assaf","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"key":"pone.0331225.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2024.106122","article-title":"Bayes_Opt-SWMM: A Gaussian process-based Bayesian optimization tool for real-time flood modeling with SWMM","volume":"179","author":"AH Tanim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Modell Softw"},{"key":"pone.0331225.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.01.052","article-title":"A multi-stakeholder framework for urban runoff quality management: application of social choice and bargaining techniques","volume":"550","author":"SH Ghodsi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pone.0331225.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2015.11.011","article-title":"Defining urban resilience: a review","volume":"147","author":"S Meerow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Landscape Urban Planning"},{"key":"pone.0331225.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-022-03187-0","article-title":"Drainage systems optimization under climate change scenarios","volume":"37","author":"D Fiorillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water Resour Manage"},{"key":"pone.0331225.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154843","article-title":"A new LID spatial allocation optimization system at neighborhood scale: Integrated SWMM with PICEA-g using MATLAB as the platform","volume":"831","author":"Y Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pone.0331225.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.127455","article-title":"Multi-objective optimization for stormwater management by green-roofs and infiltration trenches to reduce urban flooding in central Delhi","volume":"606","author":"S Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hydrol"},{"key":"pone.0331225.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2023.104546","article-title":"Real options analysis for urban flood mitigation under environmental change","volume":"93","author":"K Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainable Cities Soc"},{"key":"pone.0331225.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2016.02.005","article-title":"Scenario-based tsunami risk assessment using a static flooding approach and high-resolution digital elevation data: an example from Muscat in Oman","volume":"139","author":"B Schneider","year":"2016","journal-title":"Global Planetary Change"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0331225.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.3390\/w14030340","article-title":"A tale of Shaheen\u2019s cyclone consequences in Al Khaboura City, Oman","volume":"14","author":"AM AlRuheili","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0331225.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/JWRMD5.WRENG-6410","article-title":"Multiagent robust decision-making for sustainable stormwater management","volume":"150","author":"SF Mousavi Janbehsarayi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Water Resour Plann Manage"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0331225.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2023.102804","article-title":"Regional distribution of intensity\u2013duration\u2013frequency (IDF) relationships in Sultanate of Oman","volume":"35","author":"P Chitrakar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J King Saud Univ Sci"},{"key":"pone.0331225.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.117243","article-title":"Multi-objective decision-making based on theories of cooperative game and social choice to incentivize implementation of low-impact development practices","volume":"330","author":"SF Mousavi Janbehsarayi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0331225.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s40710-014-0038-2","article-title":"Flood depth-damage functions for built environment","volume":"1","author":"A Pistrika","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Process"},{"key":"pone.0331225.ref035","unstructured":"Priest S, et al. Building a model to estimate risk to life for European flood events\u2013Final report. 2007."},{"key":"pone.0331225.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2022.103960","article-title":"A design framework for considering spatial equity in sustainable urban drainage infrastructure","volume":"85","author":"O Seyedashraf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain Cities Soc"},{"key":"pone.0331225.ref037","author":"J Huizinga","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0331225.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2023.113662","article-title":"Use of a Bayesian Network for storm-induced flood risk assessment and effectiveness of ecosystem-based risk reduction measures in coastal areas (Port of Sur, Sultanate of Oman)","volume":"270","author":"M Banan-Dallalian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocean Eng"},{"key":"pone.0331225.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2014.02.138","article-title":"The effect of damage functions on urban flood damage appraisal","volume":"70","author":"V Notaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Eng"},{"key":"pone.0331225.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-005-8603-7","article-title":"A probabilistic modelling system for assessing flood risks","volume":"38","author":"H Apel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Hazards"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0331225.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1080\/1573062X.2019.1611889","article-title":"swmmr - an R package to interface SWMM","volume":"16","author":"D Leutnant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urban Water J"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0331225","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T17:27:39Z","timestamp":1757438859000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0331225"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Linton","family":"Munyai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0331225","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]}}}