{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:26:01Z","timestamp":1787963161345,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>According to surveillance data, <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> enteritis (CE) has been the most frequently notified bacterial gastrointestinal disease in Germany and Europe for many years. Presumably, the total number of cases is underestimated because an unknown number of cases is not diagnosed and some diagnosed cases are not reported in the surveillance system. The aim of this study was to estimate the disease and economic burden of CE and its related sequelae in Germany.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The disability-adjusted life years (DALY) as well as the direct and indirect costs associated with the five-year (2018\u20132022) mean number of CE cases and related sequelae were estimated in a Monte Carlo simulation. The age- and gender-specific characteristics were integrated where possible. The underestimated CE cases were quantified by reconstructing the surveillance pyramid using age group-specific health care seeking parameters.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The estimated incidence rate was 553 CE cases (95%-CI: 551\u2013555 cases) per 100,000 inhabitants per year. This corresponds to 7.7 underestimated cases per notified case. Underestimation was lowest in the age group &lt;5 years and highest in the age group 15\u201329 years. The notified plus underestimated CE cases and associated sequelae resulted in a loss of 6,764 DALY (95%-CI: 6,689-6,839 DALY), 88% of which were due to sequelae. The total economic burden amounted to 263.5 million Euros (95%-CI: 262.5\u2013264.4 million Euros). Approximately 25% of the total DALY and costs were attributable to the notified cases.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The results suggest a substantial burden due to CE, both in terms of DALY and costs, in Germany. Especially the high number of underestimated cases and associated sequelae contribute to the health and economic burden \u2013 although some remaining uncertainties cannot be ruled out. By using age-specific multipliers to determine the underestimated cases, age-related differences in DALY and cost of illness can be accounted for, thereby preventing an overestimation of the total burden.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0331298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T17:31:14Z","timestamp":1757007074000},"page":"e0331298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The disease and economic burden of notified and underestimated Campylobacter enteritis cases and associated sequelae in Germany"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9883-6855","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Schorling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonja","family":"Lick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bettina","family":"Rosner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Knorr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hendrik","family":"Wilking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Steinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dagmar Adeline","family":"Br\u00fcggemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0331298.ref001","article-title":"The European Union one health 2022 zoonoses report","volume":"21","author":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)","year":"2023","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"pone.0331298.ref002","unstructured":"Robert Koch-Institut. SurvStat@RKI 2.0. [Accessed 2025 June 5]. https:\/\/survstat.rki.de"},{"key":"pone.0331298.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-30","article-title":"Epidemiology of campylobacteriosis in Germany - insights from 10 years of surveillance","volume":"14","author":"A Schielke","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0331298.ref004","article-title":"The European Union One Health 2020 zoonoses report","volume":"19","author":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)","year":"2021","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"pone.0331298.ref005","unstructured":"Robert Koch-Institut. Infektionsepidemiologisches Jahrbuch meldepflichtiger Krankheiten f\u00fcr 2020. 2021. https:\/\/edoc.rki.de\/handle\/176904\/8766.2"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0331298.ref006","article-title":"The European Union One health 2023 zoonoses report","volume":"22","author":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)","year":"2024","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"pone.0331298.ref007","unstructured":"Robert Koch-Institut. Infektionsepidemiologisches Jahrbuch meldepflichtiger Krankheiten f\u00fcr 2022. 2024. https:\/\/edoc.rki.de\/handle\/176904\/11825"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0331298.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5139","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05227-x","article-title":"A combined case-control and molecular source attribution study of human Campylobacter infections in Germany, 2011-2014","volume":"7","author":"BM Rosner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0331298.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00006-15","article-title":"Global epidemiology of campylobacter infection","volume":"28","author":"NO Kaakoush","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0331298.ref010","unstructured":"Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis). Gesundheit. Tiefgegliederte Diagnosedaten der Krankenhauspatientinnen und -patienten. 2024. https:\/\/www.statistischebibliothek.de\/mir\/receive\/DESerie_mods_00000950"},{"key":"pone.0331298.ref011","unstructured":"Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis). Statistischer Bericht. Diagnosen der Krankenhauspatienten 2022. 2024. https:\/\/www.destatis.de\/DE\/Themen\/Gesellschaft-Umwelt\/Gesundheit\/Krankenhaeuser\/Publikationen\/Downloads-Krankenhaeuser\/statistischer-bericht-diagnosedaten-5231301227015.xlsx"},{"key":"pone.0331298.ref012","unstructured":"Gesundheitsberichterstattung des Bundes. Sterbef\u00e4lle, Sterbeziffern (je 100.000 Einwohner, altersstandardisiert). 2024. https:\/\/www.gbe-bund.de"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0331298.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2019.2692","article-title":"Chronic gastrointestinal and joint-related sequelae associated with common foodborne illnesses: a scoping review","volume":"17","author":"K Pogreba-Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0331298.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000329","article-title":"The consequences of Campylobacter infection","volume":"33","author":"SJ O\u2019Brien","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0331298.ref015","article-title":"The European Union summary report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2022\u20132023","volume":"23","author":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)","year":"2025","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"pone.0331298.ref016","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). WHO estimates of the global burden of foodborne diseases. 2015. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241565165"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0331298.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.16.17-00454","article-title":"Impact of infectious diseases on population health using incidence-based disability-adjusted life years (DALYs): results from the Burden of Communicable Diseases in Europe study, European Union and European Economic Area countries, 2009 to 2013","volume":"23","author":"A Cassini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0331298.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216867","article-title":"The disease burden associated with Campylobacter spp. in Germany, 2014","volume":"14","author":"J Lackner","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0331298.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268812001550","article-title":"Years of potential life lost for six major enteric pathogens, Germany, 2004-2008","volume":"141","author":"D Werber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0331298.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283865","article-title":"Health care utilizations and costs of Campylobacter enteritis in Germany: a claims data analysis","volume":"18","author":"E Schorling","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0331298.ref021","volume-title":"Estimating the burden of foodborne diseases: a practical handbook for countries","author":"Foodborne Disease Burden Epidemiology Reference Group (FERG)","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0331298.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-147","article-title":"Measuring underreporting and under-ascertainment in infectious disease datasets: a comparison of methods","volume":"14","author":"CL Gibbons","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0331298.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268812000568","article-title":"Estimating the true incidence of campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis in the European Union, 2009","volume":"141","author":"AH Havelaar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0331298.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268812002166","article-title":"Community incidence of pathogen-specific gastroenteritis: reconstructing the surveillance pyramid for seven pathogens in seven European Union member states","volume":"141","author":"JA Haagsma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"pone.0331298.ref025","volume-title":"ECDC BCoDE toolkit [software application]. Version 2.0.0","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)","year":"2020"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0331298.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00116-21","article-title":"The host cellular immune response to infection by Campylobacter Spp. and its role in disease","volume":"89","author":"SM Callahan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"pone.0331298.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16014","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.14","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"2","author":"P Enck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0331298.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftac003","article-title":"Campylobacter infection and the link with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: on the pathway towards a causal association","volume":"80","author":"W Takakura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0331298.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.07.011","article-title":"Rome foundation working team report on post-infection irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"156","author":"G Barbara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0331298.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.07.011","article-title":"Evaluating variability and uncertainty separately in microbial quantitative risk assessment using two R packages","volume":"142","author":"R Pouillot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0331298.ref031","unstructured":"Schorling E. R code for estimating the disease and economic burden of Campylobacter enteritis in Germany. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25826\/Data20250618-124938-0"},{"key":"pone.0331298.ref032","unstructured":"Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis). Gesundheit. Ergebnisse der Todesursachenstatistik f\u00fcr Deutschland. 2024. https:\/\/www.statistischebibliothek.de\/mir\/receive\/DESerie_mods_00000958"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0331298.ref033","article-title":"Probability of sequelae following Campylobacter spp. infections: update of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"2","author":"E Schorling","year":"2023","journal-title":"Public Health Chall"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0331298.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2009.202234","article-title":"Eight year prognosis of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome following waterborne bacterial dysentery","volume":"59","author":"JK Marshall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0331298.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.3.312","article-title":"Campylobacter-triggered reactive arthritis: a population-based study","volume":"41","author":"T Hannu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0331298.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.61.5.448","article-title":"Comparison of rheumatological and gastrointestinal symptoms after infection with Campylobacter jejuni\/coli and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli","volume":"61","author":"H Locht","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"pone.0331298.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1159\/000369344","article-title":"Estimation of background incidence rates of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome in Germany - a retrospective cohort study with electronic healthcare data","volume":"43","author":"S Hense","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0331298.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv067","article-title":"Data resource profile: German Health Update (GEDA)--the health interview survey for adults in Germany","volume":"44","author":"C Lange","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0331298.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268813000046","article-title":"Acute gastrointestinal illness in adults in Germany: a population-based telephone survey","volume":"141","author":"H Wilking","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"pone.0331298.ref040","unstructured":"Robert Koch-Institute. German health update 2009 (GEDA 2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7797\/26-200809-1-1-2"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0331298.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268811002020","article-title":"The burden of self-reported acute gastrointestinal illness in Italy: a retrospective survey, 2008-2009","volume":"140","author":"G Scavia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0331298.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-011-1536-0","article-title":"Complications in hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus: a retrospective analysis","volume":"171","author":"P Kaiser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"pone.0331298.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12963-015-0042-4","article-title":"Assessing disability weights based on the responses of 30,660 people from four European countries","volume":"13","author":"JA Haagsma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Popul Health Metr"},{"key":"pone.0331298.ref044","unstructured":"Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis). Sterbetafeln 2020\/2022. Ergebnisse aus der laufenden Berechnung von Periodensterbetafeln f\u00fcr Deutschland und die Bundesl\u00e4nder. 2023. https:\/\/www.destatis.de\/DE\/Themen\/Gesellschaft-Umwelt\/Bevoelkerung\/Sterbefaelle-Lebenserwartung\/Publikationen\/Downloads-Sterbefaelle\/statistischer-bericht-sterbetafeln-5126207227005.xlsx"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0331298.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2866","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy232","article-title":"Regional variation of Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"141","author":"AY Doets","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"pone.0331298.ref046","unstructured":"Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis). Harmonisierter Verbraucherpreisindex: Deutschland, Jahre. [Accessed 2025 June 5]. https:\/\/www-genesis.destatis.de\/datenbank\/online\/statistic\/61121\/table\/61121-0001\/"},{"key":"pone.0331298.ref047","volume-title":"General Methods","author":"Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWIG)","year":"2023","edition":"7"},{"issue":"46","key":"pone.0331298.ref048","first-page":"785","article-title":"The Burden of Disease in Germany at the National and Regional Level\u2014Results in Terms of Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY) from the BURDEN 2020 study","volume":"119","author":"M Porst","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"pone.0331298.ref049","volume-title":"GBD results","author":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME)","year":"2024"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0331298.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2023.0015","article-title":"The cost of foodborne illness and its sequelae in Australia Circa 2019","volume":"20","author":"K Glass","year":"2023","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0331298.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s40258-017-0369-z","article-title":"Cost of illness for five major foodborne illnesses and sequelae in Sweden","volume":"16","author":"K Sundstr\u00f6m","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Health Econ Health Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0331298.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2023.0157","article-title":"Economic burden of foodborne illnesses acquired in the United States","volume":"22","author":"S Hoffmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0331298.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2022.0031","article-title":"Health and economic burden of seven foodborne diseases in Denmark, 2019","volume":"19","author":"SM Pires","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"pone.0331298.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.11.022","article-title":"Cost-of-illness and disease burden of food-related pathogens in the Netherlands, 2011","volume":"196","author":"M-JJ Mangen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0331298.ref055","unstructured":"Daniel N, Casadevall N, Sun P, Sugden D, Aldin V. The Burden of Foodborne Disease in the UK 2018. Food Standards Agency; 2020. https:\/\/www.food.gov.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/media\/document\/the-burden-of-foodborne-disease-in-the-uk_0.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0331298.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100103","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated non-pharmaceutical interventions on other notifiable infectious diseases in Germany: an analysis of national surveillance data during week 1-2016 - week 32-2020","volume":"6","author":"A Ullrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"pone.0331298.ref057","unstructured":"BARMER Institut f\u00fcr Gesundheitssystemforschung (bifg). Inanspruchnahme ambulante \u00e4rztliche Versorgung. 2025. https:\/\/www.bifg.de\/publikationen\/reporte\/arztreport\/arztreport-inanspruchnahme-ambulante-aerztliche-versorgung"},{"key":"pone.0331298.ref058","unstructured":"Eurostat. Self-reported consultations of a medical professional by sex, age and degree of urbanisation. 2022. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/databrowser\/view\/hlth_ehis_am2u\/default\/table"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0331298.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.07.033","article-title":"Characteristics and risk factors of post-infection irritable bowel syndrome after Campylobacter enteritis","volume":"19","author":"A Berumen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0331298.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000408","article-title":"Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome after Campylobacter infection","volume":"114","author":"EJ Scallan Walter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0331298.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2019.1578406","article-title":"Risk of inflammatory bowel disease after Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter concisus infection: a population-based cohort study","volume":"54","author":"HL Nielsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0331298.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326828","article-title":"Postinfective bowel dysfunction followingCampylobacter enteritisis characterised by reduced microbiota diversity and impaired microbiota recovery","volume":"72","author":"J Jalanka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0331298.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-013-2040-4","article-title":"Seroprevalence of campylobacteriosis and relevant post-infectious sequelae","volume":"33","author":"AE Zautner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0331298.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-006-0140-1","article-title":"Infections and vaccinations preceding childhood Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: a prospective study","volume":"165","author":"J Schessl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"pone.0331298.ref065","unstructured":"Eurostat. Consultation of a medical doctor (in private practice or as outpatient) per inhabitant. 2022 [Accessed 2023 December 5]. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/databrowser\/view\/hlth_hc_phys\/default\/table"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0331298.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22902","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02423-8","article-title":"Investigating the Campylobacter enteritis winter peak in Germany, 2018\/2019","volume":"11","author":"BM Rosner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0331298.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183641","article-title":"Attribution of global foodborne disease to specific foods: findings from a World Health Organization structured expert elicitation","volume":"12","author":"S Hoffmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0331298.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2010.1437","article-title":"EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ). Scientific opinion on quantification of the risk posed by broiler meat to human campylobacteriosis in the EU","volume":"8","year":"2010","journal-title":"EFSA J"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0331298","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T17:31:39Z","timestamp":1757007099000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0331298"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Pengpeng","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0331298","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]}}}