{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:40:30Z","timestamp":1792806030326,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Guided Scientific Research Project of Shiyan Science and Technology Bureau","award":["21Y17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21Y17"]}]},{"name":"The Ministry of education of Humanities and Social Science Project","award":["24YJC890026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24YJC890026"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wrist-worn activity monitors, such as smartwatches, are frequently used to monitor energy expenditure (EE) of physical activity, but there is a high degree of heterogeneity in their accuracy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of four affordable, low-price smartwatches, including HONOR Band 7 (HNB7), HUAWEI Band 8 (HWB8), XIAOMI Smart Band 8 (XMB8), and KEEP Smart Band B4 Lite (KPB4L), for estimating EE during ergometer cycling in untrained Chinese women. Twenty Chinese women who exercised \u22643 times per week simultaneously wore two smartwatches, randomly assigned to each wrist, during cycling at 30W, 40W, 50W and 60W on the ergometer. As the golden standard, indirect calorimetry (CORTEX METAMAX 3B, MM3B) was used to evaluate EE at the same time. For all loads, EE values were significantly overestimated by XMB8 and KPB4L, compared to the golden standard (all p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), but not by HNB7 and HWB8. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) was 49.5\u201357.4% for the KPB4L, 30.5\u201341.0% for the XMB8, 12.5\u201318.6% for the HWB8, and 15.0\u201323.0% for the HNB7, respectively. A lower MAPE value indicates that smartwatch estimates are closer to the golden standard. Bland\u2013Altman plots indicated a trend of increasing positive bias as EE increased across all devices, with the XMB8 and KPB4L showing this pattern most clearly. The results clearly show that although HNB7 and HWB8 demonstrated moderate accuracy, there were significant differences in EE estimation accuracy across the tested devices. These findings suggest caution in using low-price smartwatches for energy balance management in untrained female populations. However, the findings of this study are subject to limitations, such as a small and homogeneous sample size, and the occasional missing of data across multiple load levels. Future studies should increase the sample size and include more diverse participants to validate these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0331399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T17:28:01Z","timestamp":1758648481000},"page":"e0331399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Validity of four low-cost smartwatches in estimating energy expenditure during cycling in Chinese untrained women"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7935-7193","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yongfu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0925-9660","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shenglong","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0331399.ref001","unstructured":"Statista. Wearables sales worldwide by region 2022. [cited Jan 11 2025]. Available from: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/490231\/wearable-devices-worldwide-by-region\/"},{"key":"pone.0331399.ref002","unstructured":"Tyler N. Basic smartwatches will help rescue wearables market in 2023. New Electronics. 2023. [cited Jan 11 2025]. Available from: https:\/\/www.newelectronics.co.uk\/content\/news\/basic-smartwatches-will-help-rescue-wearables-market-in-2023\/"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0331399.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.3469","article-title":"Behavior change techniques implemented in electronic lifestyle activity monitors: a systematic content analysis","volume":"16","author":"EJ Lyons","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"pone.0331399.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2016.00056","article-title":"Energy expenditure in people with diabetes mellitus: a review","volume":"3","author":"N Caron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0331399.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.087213","article-title":"Energy balance and obesity","volume":"126","author":"JO Hill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0331399.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.199","article-title":"Energy balance measurement: when something is not better than nothing","volume":"39","author":"NV Dhurandhar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0331399.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099643","article-title":"How well do activity monitors estimate energy expenditure? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the validity of current technologies","volume":"54","author":"R O\u2019Driscoll","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0331399.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-022-01665-4","article-title":"Recommendations for Determining the Validity of Consumer Wearables and Smartphones for the Estimation of Energy Expenditure: Expert Statement and Checklist of the INTERLIVE Network","volume":"52","author":"R Argent","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0331399.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001471","article-title":"Validity of wearable activity monitors during cycling and resistance exercise","volume":"50","author":"BD Boudreaux","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0331399.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171720","article-title":"Assessment of laboratory and daily energy expenditure estimates from consumer multi-sensor physical activity monitors","volume":"12","author":"EA Chowdhury","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0331399.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1371837","article-title":"Accuracy of energy expenditure estimation by activity monitors differs with ethnicity","volume":"35","author":"A-S Brazeau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"pone.0331399.ref012","volume-title":"ACSM\u2019s exercise is medicineTM: A clinician\u2019s guide to exercise prescription","author":"S Jonas","year":"2012"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0331399.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-017-3716-8","article-title":"Open-circuit respirometry: a historical review of portable gas analysis systems","volume":"117","author":"DJ Macfarlane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0331399.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1949.sp004363","article-title":"New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein metabolism","volume":"109","author":"JBDB Weir","year":"1949","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0331399.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000126805.32659.43","article-title":"Evaluation of the SenseWear Pro Armband to assess energy expenditure during exercise","volume":"36","author":"JM Jakicic","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0331399.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000933","article-title":"Validity of consumer-based physical activity monitors for specific activity types","volume":"48","author":"MB Nelson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"8476","key":"pone.0331399.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90837-8","article-title":"Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement","volume":"1","author":"JM Bland","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0331399.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001146","article-title":"Reliability and validity of ten consumer activity trackers depend on walking speed","volume":"49","author":"T Fokkema","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0331399.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2014.981846","article-title":"Validation of the SenseWear Armband in different ambient temperatures","volume":"33","author":"K Van Hoye","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0331399.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/18694","article-title":"Reliability and validity of commercially available wearable devices for measuring steps, energy expenditure, and heart rate: Systematic review","volume":"8","author":"D Fuller","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0331399.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/35626","article-title":"Accuracy and precision of energy expenditure, heart rate, and steps measured by combined-sensing fitbits against reference measures: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"G Chevance","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR MHealth and UHealth"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0331399.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8545","DOI":"10.3390\/s23208545","article-title":"Validity of actigraph for measuring energy expenditure in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"W-J Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0331399.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.08.107","article-title":"Licence to eat: Information on energy expended during exercise affects subsequent energy intake","volume":"107","author":"DC McCaig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0331399.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/13570","article-title":"Perceptions and Experiences of Women Participating in a Digital Technology-Based Physical Activity Intervention (the mPED Trial): Qualitative Study","volume":"5","author":"T Lindgren","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0331399","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T17:28:08Z","timestamp":1758648488000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0331399"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Maruyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0331399","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]}}}