{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:16:49Z","timestamp":1791908209494,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence of antibiotic resistance continues to pose a significant global challenge. Drug repurposing, wherein existing therapeutics are evaluated for new applications, offers a promising strategy to address this issue. Farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs), initially developed for cancer therapy, have demonstrated antimicrobial activity against several gram-positive bacteria. This study investigates their activity in combination with colistin against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. We focus on key ESKAPE (<jats:italic><jats:italic><jats:underline>E<\/jats:underline>nterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic><jats:italic><jats:underline>S<\/jats:underline>taphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic><jats:italic><jats:underline>K<\/jats:underline>lebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic><jats:italic><jats:underline>A<\/jats:underline>cinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic><jats:italic><jats:underline>P<\/jats:underline>seudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic><jats:italic><jats:underline>E<\/jats:underline>nterobacter<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> species) pathogens while incorporating additional bacterial strains to provide a comprehensive understanding of differential responses and potential dose-dependent synergistic effects. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed using broth microdilution, while synergy was evaluated through checkerboard, time-kill, and growth kinetics assays. When combined with sub-inhibitory colistin, FTIs inhibited gram-negative bacterial growth. Tipifarnib exhibited more potent antimicrobial activity against gram-negative strains than lonafarnib. Peptidomimetic FTIs, B581 and FTI-277, inhibited gram-negative bacteria in combination with colistin but had no effect on the gram-positive strains tested. In contrast, alpha-hydroxy farnesyl phosphonic acid, an FPP analog, and bempedoic acid, targeting the mevalonate pathway, showed no antibacterial activity. In addition to their known inhibition of gram-positive bacteria, FTIs exhibited efficacy against gram-negative bacteria, including colistin-resistant <jats:italic><jats:italic>Enterobacter cloacae<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic><jats:italic>cloacae<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>, when combined with sub-inhibitory colistin. This might be due to a mechanism distinct from their eukaryotic targets, potentially involving the disruption of multiple biosynthetic pathways. Future studies will focus on elucidating these mechanisms of FTIs and exploring the therapeutic potential of FTI\/colistin combinations against ESKAPE and other multidrug-resistant pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0331440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T17:32:01Z","timestamp":1757093521000},"page":"e0331440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["In Vitro synergy of Farnesyltransferase inhibitors in combination with colistin against ESKAPE bacteria"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Marian","family":"Klose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8642-540X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hagen Sjard","family":"Bachmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0331440.ref001","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in ESKAPE Pathogens","volume":"33","author":"DMP De Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0331440.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.5599\/admet.1271","article-title":"Recent advances and challenges in antibacterial drug development","volume":"10","author":"V Gigante","year":"2022","journal-title":"ADMET DMPK"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0331440.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202051034","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and persistence-Implications for human health and treatment perspectives","volume":"21","author":"M Huemer","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0331440.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5111","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00192-16","article-title":"Is There Potential for Repurposing Statins as Novel Antimicrobials?","volume":"60","author":"E Hennessy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"pone.0331440.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628283","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.628283","article-title":"Bacteria are new targets for inhibitors of human farnesyltransferase","volume":"12","author":"L Weber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0331440.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000193","article-title":"Evaluation of risedronate as an antibiofilm agent","volume":"65","author":"SMS Reshamwala","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0331440.ref007","first-page":"1368","article-title":"Examination of antimicrobial activity of selected non-antibiotic medicinal preparations","volume":"69","author":"H Kruszewska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Pol Pharm"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0331440.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1754133","article-title":"Colistin and its role in the era of antibiotic resistance: an extended review (2000-2019)","volume":"9","author":"MAE El-Sayed Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0331440.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.04.008","article-title":"Resistance to colistin: what is the fate for this antibiotic in pig production?","volume":"48","author":"M Rhouma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0331440.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00109-24","article-title":"Flavomycin restores colistin susceptibility in multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"9","author":"Y Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0331440.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1086\/533452","article-title":"Federal funding for the study of antimicrobial resistance in nosocomial pathogens: no ESKAPE","volume":"197","author":"LB Rice","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0331440.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01054-w","article-title":"ESKAPE pathogens: antimicrobial resistance, epidemiology, clinical impact and therapeutics","volume":"22","author":"WR Miller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0331440.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/595011","article-title":"Bad bugs, no drugs: no ESKAPE! 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