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The increasing accessibility of qPCR technology and methodology has allowed the incorporation of community partners in numerous ways, ranging from sample collection to running qPCR tests. Here, we report on a community-driven study at Crystal Lake in Beulah, MI, in which qPCR was demonstrated to be a more valuable water testing technique than culture-based methods. Historically high levels of the enteric bacteria <jats:italic><jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> in the inlet to Crystal Lake, Cold Creek, as measured by culture-based testing methods, spurred an interest in understanding more about fecal pollution and its source. In this study, we monitored 17 sites in Cold Creek and around Crystal Lake throughout the summers of 2020 and 2021 and used qPCR to assess levels of <jats:italic><jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> while source-tracking all samples for human, dog, and Canada goose fecal markers (HF183, DG3 and CG0F1-Bac, respectively). Replicate samples were sent for <jats:italic><jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> culture-based testing. Results showed high fecal contamination (<jats:italic><jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic><jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>) and consistent HF183, DG3 and CG0F1-Bac-positive samples at specific sample sites. Varying degrees of relatedness were found between <jats:italic><jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> levels grouped by precipitation amount. Due to the nature of the sampling sites, we hypothesize that human fecal contamination is due to stormwater outflows and septic system influences and not direct human contact with the water. A Cohen\u2019s Kappa analysis between the <jats:italic><jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> qPCR test results and <jats:italic><jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> culture-based test results indicated a moderately positive relationship. The historical <jats:italic><jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> dataset, now accompanied by the <jats:italic><jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>, HF183, DG3 and CG0F1-Bac data, confirms consistent and elevated levels of fecal pollution in Cold Creek and Crystal Lake that is likely related to human sources with stormwater outflows being a contributor to this contamination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0331494","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T17:30:53Z","timestamp":1756488653000},"page":"e0331494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing fecal pollution source in a Northern Michigan Lake using qPCR and a community-based monitoring framework"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Kelsey L.","family":"Froelich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6882-4653","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ronald L.","family":"Reimink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ceilidh P.","family":"Welch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Ransom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon J.G.","family":"Otto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3964-5012","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Patrick C.","family":"Hanington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0331494.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-007-9042-x","article-title":"Community-based monitoring frameworks: increasing the effectiveness of environmental stewardship","volume":"41","author":"CT Conrad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Manage"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0331494.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1890\/110236","article-title":"The current state of citizen science as a tool for ecological research and public engagement","volume":"10","author":"JL Dickinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in Ecol & Environ"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0331494.ref003","first-page":"279","article-title":"Combining DNA and people power for healthy rivers: Implementing the STREAM community-based approach for global freshwater monitoring","volume":"19","author":"CV Robinson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Perspect Ecol Conserv"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0331494.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229701","article-title":"Democratizing water monitoring: Implementation of a community-based qPCR monitoring program for recreational water hazards","volume":"15","author":"SP Rudko","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0331494.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1080\/00288330.2016.1266674","article-title":"Community-based monitoring of New Zealand stream macroinvertebrates: agreement between volunteer and professional assessments and performance of volunteer indices","volume":"51","author":"RG Storey","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Z J Mar Freshw Res"},{"key":"pone.0331494.ref006","volume-title":"Water quality: guidelines, standards, and health: assessment of risk and risk management for water-related infectious disease","author":"L Fewtrell","year":"2001"},{"key":"pone.0331494.ref007","volume-title":"Recreational Water Quality Criteria","author":"Department of Environmental Quality","year":"2012"},{"key":"pone.0331494.ref008","unstructured":"EPA Region 4 (Science and Ecosystem Support Division). 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