{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T03:42:50Z","timestamp":1785296570786,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Agricultural Research Development Agency (Public Organization), Thailand","award":["CRP6705032100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRP6705032100"]}]},{"name":"the Agricultural Research Development Agency (Public Organization), Thailand","award":["CRP6705032100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRP6705032100"]}]},{"name":"the Graduate School, Naresuan University","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral diseases affect more than 3.5 billion people globally, representing a major public health burden, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where access to dental care is often limited. Furthermore, the use of conventional antimicrobial agent may cause side effect. This underscores the need for affordable, plant-based alternatives to conventional antimicrobials. This study investigated the chemical compositions and antimicrobial activities of <jats:italic><jats:italic>Citrus aurantifolia<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> peel oils from Thailand (Lime TH) and South Africa (Lime SF), along with an ethanolic extract of <jats:italic><jats:italic>Ocimum sanctum<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> L. (OSE), against five oral pathogens: <jats:italic><jats:italic>Lactobacillus acidophilus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic><jats:italic>Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic><jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic><jats:italic>Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic><jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>. Chemical constituents were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the peel oils and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the extract. GC-MS identified D-limonene as the major constituent in both Lime TH (49.11\u2009\u00b1\u20090.76% w\/w) and Lime SF (42.32\u2009\u00b1\u20090.60% w\/w), while HPLC confirmed the presence of ursolic acid in OSE (2.67\u2009\u00b1\u20090.07% w\/w). Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by broth microdilution to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), minimum bactericidal\/fungicidal concentrations (MBC\/MFC), and time-kill kinetics. Lime TH exhibited the strongest activity (MIC and MBC\/MFC values between 0.20 and 25.0\u2009mg\/mL), followed by Lime SF (0.39\u201350.0\u2009mg\/mL). OSE inhibited four bacterial strains (excluding <jats:italic><jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>) with MIC and MBC values ranging from 0.05 to 100\u2009mg\/mL. These findings highlight the potential of <jats:italic><jats:italic>C. aurantifolia<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> peel oils and <jats:italic><jats:italic>O. sanctum<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> extract as natural antimicrobial agents for incorporation into oral care products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0331710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T17:35:53Z","timestamp":1757093753000},"page":"e0331710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Chemical characterization and antimicrobial activities of Citrus aurantifolia peel oils and Ocimum sanctum ethanolic extract"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Pintana","family":"Duangsombat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7476-7288","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Neti","family":"Waranuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5641-5430","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tasana","family":"Pitaksuteepong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0331710.ref001","volume-title":"WHO global oral health status report: Towards universal health coverage for oral health by 2030 [Internet]","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0331710.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9102041","article-title":"Towards Advances in Medicinal Plant Antimicrobial Activity: A Review Study on Challenges and Future Perspectives","volume":"9","author":"N Vaou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0331710.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2020.05.002","article-title":"Common Dental and Periodontal Diseases","volume":"38","author":"JM Laudenbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"pone.0331710.ref004","article-title":"Microbiology of dental decay and periodontal disease.","volume-title":"Medical microbiology [Internet]","author":"WJ. 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