{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T10:50:42Z","timestamp":1789469442733,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Translucent post-larvae disease (TPD) has emerged as a severe threat to shrimp aquaculture, causing substantial economic losses. The causative agent, <jats:italic>Vibrio parahaemolyticus<\/jats:italic>, has been primarily identified in China, but this study provides the first confirmed report of its presence in shrimp populations outside China. This research characterizes <jats:italic>V. parahaemolyticus<\/jats:italic> strain AG1 (<jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>pTPD<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> AG1), isolated from diseased <jats:italic>Penaeus vannamei<\/jats:italic>, through biochemical, molecular, and pathogenic analyses. PCR screening of <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>pTPD<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> AG1 detected <jats:italic>vhvp-1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>vhvp-2<\/jats:italic>, genes previously linked to TPD virulence, while <jats:italic>pirA\/pirB<\/jats:italic> genes associated with acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) were absent. Experimental immersion challenges demonstrated high virulence and dose-dependent pathogenicity, with an LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> of 8.51\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> CFU\/mL at 96 hours in 15-day-old post-larvae (PL15) of <jats:italic>Penaeus vannamei<\/jats:italic> shrimp. Larger post-larvae (PL30) exhibited reduced susceptibility, suggesting a size-dependent resistance mechanism. Histopathological analysis confirmed the degeneration of the hepatopancreas, including tubular necrosis, epithelial cell sloughing, and bacterial invasion, consistent with previously reported TPD pathology. Additionally, hemocytic enteritis, a characteristic histopathological feature associated with infection with <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>pTPD<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> AG1 strain, was marked by mucosal epithelium loss, intense inflammation, and a thick hemocyte layer in the intestine. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>pTPD<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> AG1 strain revealed resistance to \u03b2-lactams but sensitivity to multiple other antimicrobial classes. These findings highlight the expanding geographical distribution of <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>pTPD<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>, its distinct pathological features compared to AHPND, and further highlight the urgent need to enhance surveillance and implement effective biosecurity measures to prevent its global dissemination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0331862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T17:33:36Z","timestamp":1757957616000},"page":"e0331862","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Isolation, characterization, and pathogenicity of a Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain causing translucent post-larvae disease in Penaeus vannamei outside China"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5318-6265","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nguyen","family":"Dinh-Hung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8354-5468","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hung N.","family":"Mai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9805-6769","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maiya","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harris","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1308-6897","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Arun 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