{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:02:59Z","timestamp":1787022179607,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["804761"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["804761"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We describe the prevalence of Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) risk factors in a low-income health district in the South of Quito, Ecuador.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional study between November 2020 and October 2021<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used multi-stage cluster sampling to select 656 of poblaci\u00f3n total adult residents of 17D06 health district, enabling a prevalence estimation with at least \u00b15.73% absolute precision. We collected socio-demographic information and behavioural risk factors using the expanded WHO STEPwise approach to NCD surveillance. We measured height, weight, and blood pressure, and collected blood samples to assess glucose levels, lipid profiles, and renal function. We estimated the prevalence of behavioural and metabolic NCD risk factors by sex and age groups (18\u201344, 45\u201369, and &gt;70).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One-third of participants were obese (33.2% overall, 148 women, 38,7%, and 41 men, 22%), and more than half had a raised waist circumference (56.8%, N\u2009=\u2009322). Hypertension affected 26.9% of participants (63 men, 33% and 90 women, 24%). Hyperglycaemia affected 7.9% (N\u2009=\u200945) of participants and increased with age and peaked at 22% among women over 70. More than half of the participants presented hypercholesterolemia (317 individuals, 56.2%). Low consumption of fruit and vegetables, high salt consumption and high sugar consumption were common in all population groups (88.4%, N\u2009=\u2009580, 33.2%. N\u2009=\u2009218 and 72.4%, N\u2009=\u2009475, respectively).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The critical prevalence of NCD risk factors in this low-income urban district of Quito, alongside similar trends observed in other settings across Latin America, underscores the need for ecological public health strategies to create healthy environments and promote healthier behaviours. Gender-sensitive approaches may be useful to address differences between sexes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0332159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T17:45:37Z","timestamp":1758131137000},"page":"e0332159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The burden of non-communicable disease risk factors in a low-income population: Findings from a cross-sectional study highlighting the prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and metabolic disorders in the south of Quito, Ecuador"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8666-1090","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sergio","family":"Morales-Garz\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Vasconez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6887-1369","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jessica Pinto","family":"Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Barrera-Guarderas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Chilet-Rosell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3259-9524","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marta","family":"Puig-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Peralta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7525-1600","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mar\u00eda Fernanda","family":"Rivadeneira Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Luc\u00eda","family":"Torres-Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy Anne","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0332159.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e31816902f1","article-title":"Health Disparities in Chronic Diseases: Where the Money Is","volume":"335","author":"ED Crook","year":"2008","journal-title":"The American Journal of the Medical Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0332159.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.13366","article-title":"Designing health care: A community health science solution for reducing health disparities by integrating social determinants and the effects of place","volume":"26","author":"MJ DeHaven","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract"},{"key":"pone.0332159.ref003","author":"European Parliament","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0332159.ref004","unstructured":"Noncommunicable diseases country profiles [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2024 Jul 12]. 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