{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:22:19Z","timestamp":1792099339013,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1919B012309982"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1919B012309982"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing global burden of oxidative stress-related conditions, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders underscores the urgent need for multi-targeted, plant-based therapeutic agents. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties of various <jats:italic><jats:italic>Satureja hortensis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic><jats:italic>Satureja montana<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> extracts and essential oils. In vitro biological activities were assessed through \u03b1-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibition assays, along with DPPH\u2022 and ABTS\u2022\u2009\u207a\u2009radical scavenging assays. At a concentration of 100 \u00b5g\/mL, <jats:italic>S. hortensis<\/jats:italic> root methanol extract (ShRME) and herb water extract (ShHWE) exhibited strong \u03b1-glucosidase inhibitory activity (69.88% and 71.23%, respectively). Conversely, <jats:italic>S. montana<\/jats:italic> herb water extract (SmHWE) and methanol extract (SmHME) showed the highest DPPH\u2022 radical scavenging activity (36.28% and 24.37%, respectively<jats:italic>). S. montana<\/jats:italic> essential oil (SmEO) demonstrated notable inhibition of AChE (32.58%) and BChE (41.62%) at 1000 \u00b5g\/mL, while <jats:italic>S. hortensis<\/jats:italic> essential oil (ShEO) inhibited BChE by 44.39%. GC-MS analysis revealed that SmEO primarily contained carvacrol (43.72%), \u03b3-terpinene (17.24%), and p-cymene (14.56%), while ShEO was rich in thymol (39.84%), \u03b3-terpinene (20.16%), and p-cymene (13.72%). These phenolic monoterpenes are likely contributors to the observed antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory activities. Principal component analysis explained 74.8% of the total variance and clearly separated the samples based on their activity profiles. Extracts were closely associated with glucose-regulating effects, while essential oils clustered with enzyme-inhibiting neuroprotective activities. These findings highlight the multifunctional therapeutic potential of <jats:italic><jats:italic>Satureja<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> species and support their further investigation as candidates for the development of plant-derived agents against oxidative stress, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0332178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T17:32:22Z","timestamp":1757957542000},"page":"e0332178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Phytochemical composition and bioactivities of Satureja montana L. and Satureja hortensis L.: Culinary herbs with antidiabetic, anticholinesterase, and antioxidant 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