{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:02:58Z","timestamp":1787022178749,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["187739"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["187739"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Food intake is a key regulator of the digestive system function; however, little is known about organ- and sex-specific differences in food-driven regulation. We placed male and female C57Bl\/6 mice on time-restricted feeding (TRF), limiting access to food to an 8-hour window. Food was added either at dark (ZT12) or light (ZT0) onset for 14 days. Afterwards, the feeding period was delayed by 4 hours for half the mice, and the respective TRF regime continued for another 14 days. TRF from ZT12 to ZT20 led to the highest weight gain in females and the lowest in males, while improving intestinal transepithelial resistance (TEER) in both sexes. However, it also diminished food-anticipatory gene expression of several hepatic genes, particularly in female mice. Shifting food access to ZT16 increased weight gain and reduced fasting glucose levels in male mice, while also inducing strong food-driven gene expression changes in hepatic and duodenal tissues in both sexes. Feeding during the early lights-on phase (ZT0-ZT8) caused only minor physiological changes. However, it led to an overall downregulation of hepatic and an upregulation of duodenal and gastric gene expression and blunted the food-anticipatory expression response in both sexes. Delaying feeding until ZT4 was highly detrimental, reducing TEER and further disrupting gene expression in the stomach and liver in both sexes. In contrast, at least partial restoration of food-driven gene expression was seen in the duodenum, particularly in males. These findings highlight the strong sex- and organ-specific effects of food intake time on physiological and gene expression responses. Notably, we observed a lack of alignment in gene-expression responses between the gut and liver, underscoring tissue-specific sensitivity to feeding cues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0332295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T17:46:54Z","timestamp":1757526414000},"page":"e0332295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Time-restricted feeding leads to sex- and organ-specific responses in the murine digestive system"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2212-8585","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lalita","family":"Oparija-Rogenmozere","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeleine R.","family":"Di Natale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Billie","family":"Hunne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ada","family":"Koo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchell","family":"Ringuet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Therese E.","family":"Fazio Coles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda J.","family":"Fothergill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"McQuade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John B.","family":"Furness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0332295.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.04.006","article-title":"Timing to perfection: the biology of central and peripheral circadian clocks","volume":"74","author":"U Albrecht","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref002","first-page":"143","article-title":"Diurnal cycle in activity and body temperature of rabbits","volume":"6","author":"N Kleitman","year":"1947","journal-title":"Fed Proc"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref003","first-page":"191","article-title":"Body temperature-arterial pressure relationship as a basis for physiological interpretation of diurnal rhythm","volume":"6","author":"S Rodbard","year":"1947","journal-title":"Fed Proc"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0332295.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1951.3.11.665","article-title":"Diurnal variations in body temperatures","volume":"3","author":"HC Mellette","year":"1951","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0332295.ref005","first-page":"444","article-title":"Diurnal variations in acuity of olfaction and food intake","volume":"9","author":"FR Goetzl","year":"1947","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0332295.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI102245","article-title":"Diurnal variations of renal function in man","volume":"29","author":"JH Sirota","year":"1950","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0332295.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1951.sp004593","article-title":"Diurnal rhythm in urine flow","volume":"113","author":"JN Mills","year":"1951","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"45","key":"pone.0332295.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16219","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1408886111","article-title":"A circadian gene expression atlas in mammals: implications for biology and medicine","volume":"111","author":"R Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332295.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00899-y","article-title":"Molecular regulations of circadian rhythm and implications for physiology and diseases","volume":"7","author":"F Fagiani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.34.1.533","article-title":"Genetics of the mammalian circadian system: Photic entrainment, circadian pacemaker mechanisms, and posttranslational regulation","volume":"34","author":"PL Lowrey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genet"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-25950-0_1","article-title":"Molecular components of the mammalian circadian clock","volume":"217","author":"E Buhr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0332295.ref012","first-page":"170","article-title":"The Circadian System: A Regulatory Feedback Network of Periphery and Brain","volume":"31","author":"FN Buijs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiology (Bethesda)"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0332295.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0026-z","article-title":"Generation of circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus","volume":"19","author":"MH Hastings","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0332295.ref014","article-title":"Circadian clock genes and the transcriptional architecture of the clock mechanism","volume":"63","author":"KH Cox","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0332295.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3132\/dvdr.2008.0014","article-title":"The nuclear receptors Rev-erbs and RORs integrate circadian rhythms and metabolism","volume":"5","author":"H Duez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diab Vasc Dis Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0332295.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc.11.9","article-title":"The REV-ERBs and RORs: molecular links between circadian rhythms and lipid homeostasis","volume":"3","author":"LA Solt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Future Med Chem"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00634164","article-title":"Zeitgeber der tierischen Tagesperiodik","volume":"41","author":"J Aschoff","year":"1945","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0332295.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1964.sp007483","article-title":"Circadian rhythms during and after three months in solitude underground","volume":"174","author":"JN Mills","year":"1964","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0332295.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0499-7","article-title":"Genetic adaptation of the human circadian clock to day-length latitudinal variations and relevance for affective disorders","volume":"15","author":"D Forni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36716","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36716","article-title":"Circadian rhythms of European and African-Americans after a large delay of sleep as in jet lag and night work","volume":"6","author":"CI Eastman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0332295.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12678","article-title":"Free-running circadian period in adolescents and adults","volume":"27","author":"SJ Crowley","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0332295.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.183500","article-title":"Restricted feeding uncouples circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues from the central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus","volume":"14","author":"F Damiola","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021909-135919","article-title":"Suprachiasmatic nucleus: cell autonomy and network properties","volume":"72","author":"DK Welsh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0332295.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.116749","article-title":"Restricted feeding phase shifts clock gene and sodium glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) expression in rats","volume":"140","author":"A Balakrishnan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00711","article-title":"Meal frequency patterns determine the phase of mouse peripheral circadian clocks","volume":"2","author":"H Kuroda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1101\/sqb.2015.80.027490","article-title":"Clock-Talk: Interactions between Central and Peripheral Circadian Oscillators in Mammals","volume":"80","author":"U Schibler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332295.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2018-000443","article-title":"Exercise time cues (zeitgebers) for human circadian systems can foster health and improve performance: a systematic review","volume":"4","author":"P Lewis","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2019.05.017","article-title":"Circadian entrainment by food and drugs of abuse","volume":"165","author":"AG Gillman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav Processes"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332295.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.13446","article-title":"Regulation and function of extra-SCN circadian oscillators in the brain","volume":"229","author":"K Begemann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"6381","key":"pone.0332295.ref030","article-title":"Diurnal transcriptome atlas of a primate across major neural and peripheral tissues","volume":"359","author":"LS Mure","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0332295.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2014.911149","article-title":"Circadian misalignment and health","volume":"26","author":"KG Baron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0332295.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI148286","article-title":"Circadian disruption and human health","volume":"131","author":"AB Fishbein","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332295.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.03.015","article-title":"Time for food: the intimate interplay between nutrition, metabolism, and the circadian clock","volume":"161","author":"G Asher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0332295.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2019.1595588","article-title":"Circadian rhythms: a regulator of gastrointestinal health and dysfunction","volume":"13","author":"RM Voigt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0332295.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.04.019","article-title":"Time-restricted feeding without reducing caloric intake prevents metabolic diseases in mice fed a high-fat diet","volume":"15","author":"M Hatori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0332295.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.264","article-title":"Circadian timing of food intake contributes to weight gain","volume":"17","author":"DM Arble","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0332295.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.63","article-title":"Time-of-day-dependent dietary fat consumption influences multiple cardiometabolic syndrome parameters in mice","volume":"34","author":"MS Bray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0332295.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.160257","article-title":"Time-restricted feeding reduces cardiovascular disease risk in obese mice","volume":"10","author":"P Pati","year":"2025","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332295.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-024-03863-6","article-title":"Beneficial effects of time-restricted fasting on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Z Qiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0332295.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.12.004","article-title":"Time-restricted eating: Watching the clock to treat obesity","volume":"36","author":"M Ezpeleta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0332295.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2022.3050","article-title":"Effectiveness of Early Time-Restricted Eating for Weight Loss, Fat Loss, and Cardiometabolic Health in Adults With Obesity: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"182","author":"H Jamshed","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0332295.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.09.005","article-title":"A Smartphone App Reveals Erratic Diurnal Eating Patterns in Humans that Can Be Modulated for Health Benefits","volume":"22","author":"S Gill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0332295.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2010.501926","article-title":"Feeding entrainment of food-anticipatory activity and per1 expression in the brain and liver of zebrafish under different lighting and feeding conditions","volume":"27","author":"JF L\u00f3pez-Olmeda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903799","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.903799","article-title":"Nuclear Receptors (PPARs, REV-ERBs, RORs) and Clock Gene Rhythms in Goldfish (Carassius auratus) Are Differently Regulated in Hypothalamus and Liver","volume":"13","author":"M G\u00f3mez-Boronat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0332295.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2000.279.6.R2048","article-title":"Anticipatory changes in liver metabolism and entrainment of insulin, glucagon, and corticosterone in food-restricted rats","volume":"279","author":"M D\u00edaz-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0332295.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000094","article-title":"Uncoupling of peripheral and master clock gene rhythms by reversed feeding leads to an exacerbated inflammatory response after polymicrobial sepsis in mice","volume":"41","author":"Y Oyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Shock"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0332295.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.03.064","article-title":"Rhythmic Food Intake Drives Rhythmic Gene Expression More Potently than the Hepatic Circadian Clock in Mice","volume":"27","author":"BJ Greenwell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0332295.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049993","article-title":"Feeding period restriction alters the expression of peripheral circadian rhythm genes without changing body weight in mice","volume":"7","author":"H Jang","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5503","key":"pone.0332295.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1126\/science.291.5503.490","article-title":"Entrainment of the circadian clock in the liver by feeding","volume":"291","author":"KA Stokkan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"50","key":"pone.0332295.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21453","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909591106","article-title":"Time of feeding and the intrinsic circadian clock drive rhythms in hepatic gene expression","volume":"106","author":"C Vollmers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0332295.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2010.548615","article-title":"Hepatic, duodenal, and colonic circadian clocks differ in their persistence under conditions of constant light and in their entrainment by restricted feeding","volume":"28","author":"L Polidarov\u00e1","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0332295.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.05.053","article-title":"Insight into the circadian clock within rat colonic epithelial cells","volume":"133","author":"M Sl\u00e1dek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0332295.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.07.009","article-title":"Clock gene expression in the murine gastrointestinal tract: endogenous rhythmicity and effects of a feeding regimen","volume":"133","author":"WA Hoogerwerf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0332295.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.9.2211","article-title":"The diurnal rhythm of the intestinal transporters SGLT1 and PEPT1 is regulated by the feeding conditions in rats","volume":"134","author":"X Pan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0332295.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00401-5","article-title":"Circadian clocks in the digestive system","volume":"18","author":"A Segers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0332295.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730418789043","article-title":"The Mysterious Food-Entrainable Oscillator: Insights from Mutant and Engineered Mouse Models","volume":"33","author":"JS Pendergast","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythms"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332295.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601-183X.2003.00005.x","article-title":"Is the food-entrainable circadian oscillator in the digestive system?","volume":"2","author":"AJ Davidson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genes Brain Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332295.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00023.2003","article-title":"Food-entrained circadian rhythms are sustained in arrhythmic Clk\/Clk mutant mice","volume":"285","author":"S Pitts","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"issue":"32","key":"pone.0332295.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13582","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906426106","article-title":"Stomach ghrelin-secreting cells as food-entrainable circadian clocks","volume":"106","author":"J LeSauter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332295.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-1464","article-title":"Disassociation between preprandial gut peptide release and food-anticipatory activity","volume":"153","author":"MJ Dailey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332295.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-20-0011","article-title":"Night-time feeding of Bmal1-\/- mice restores SCFA rhythms and their effect on ghrelin","volume":"245","author":"A Segers","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0332295.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110176","article-title":"Shifting the circadian rhythm of feeding in mice induces gastrointestinal, metabolic and immune alterations which are influenced by ghrelin and the core clock gene Bmal1","volume":"9","author":"J Laermans","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0332295.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15071562","article-title":"Time-Restricted Feeding Modifies the Fecal Lipidome and the Gut Microbiota","volume":"15","author":"BM Rust","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0332295.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.02.019","article-title":"Fasting-mimicking diet modulates microbiota and promotes intestinal regeneration to reduce inflammatory bowel disease pathology","volume":"26","author":"P Rangan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0332295.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-021-00395-7","article-title":"The liver-clock coordinates rhythmicity of peripheral tissues in response to feeding","volume":"3","author":"G Manella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0332295.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11051463","article-title":"Restricted Feeding Resets the Peripheral Clocks of the Digestive System","volume":"11","author":"K Nakazawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0332295.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102335","article-title":"A multi-tissue multi-omics analysis reveals distinct kineztics in entrainment of diurnal transcriptomes by inverted feeding","volume":"24","author":"H Xin","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref068","article-title":"After-Effects of Time-Restricted Feeding on Whole-Body Metabolism and Gene Expression in Four Different Peripheral Tissues","author":"P de Goede","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0332295.ref069","article-title":"Time-restricted feeding during the inactive phase abolishes the daily rhythm in mitochondrial respiration in rat skeletal muscle","volume":"36","author":"P de Goede","year":"2022","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0332295.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2025.02.007","article-title":"Dietary timing enhances exercise by modulating fat-muscle crosstalk via adipocyte AMPK\u03b12 signaling","volume":"37","author":"J Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"39","key":"pone.0332295.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abi7828","article-title":"Integration of feeding behavior by the liver circadian clock reveals network dependency of metabolic rhythms","volume":"7","author":"CM Greco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"7472","key":"pone.0332295.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12710","article-title":"A diurnal serum lipid integrates hepatic lipogenesis and peripheral fatty acid use","volume":"502","author":"S Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0332295.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112588","article-title":"Liver and muscle circadian clocks cooperate to support glucose tolerance in mice","volume":"42","author":"JG Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177458","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1177458","article-title":"Developmental patterning of peptide transcription in the central circadian clock in both sexes","volume":"17","author":"V Carmona-Alcocer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332295.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2013.11.003","article-title":"Sex differences in circadian timing systems: implications for disease","volume":"35","author":"M Bailey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.11.016","article-title":"Cells have sex chromosomes and circadian clocks: Implications for organismal level functions","volume":"187","author":"R Silver","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2015.10.007","article-title":"Neuroendocrine underpinnings of sex differences in circadian timing systems","volume":"160","author":"L Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2021.04.026","article-title":"Sex differences in daily timekeeping and circadian clock circuits","volume":"126","author":"DAM Joye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332295.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191373","article-title":"Sex differences in circadian food anticipatory activity are not altered by individual manipulations of sex hormones or sex chromosome copy number in mice","volume":"13","author":"A Aguayo","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332295.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6086","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41759-9","article-title":"Multi-omics profiling reveals rhythmic liver function shaped by meal timing","volume":"14","author":"R Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"46","key":"pone.0332295.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16193","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3559-12.2012","article-title":"Aging differentially affects the re-entrainment response of central and peripheral circadian oscillators","volume":"32","author":"MT Sellix","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0332295.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.02.027","article-title":"A novel mechanism controlling resetting speed of the circadian clock to environmental stimuli","volume":"24","author":"V Pilorz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-134-9_27","article-title":"Integrated Fluidic Circuits (IFCs) for digital PCR","volume":"949","author":"R Ramakrishnan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref084","author":"Fluidigm","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332295.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-020-00872-7","article-title":"Natural food intake patterns have little synchronizing effect on peripheral circadian clocks","volume":"18","author":"X Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20041896","article-title":"A role for PPARalpha in the control of SREBP activity and lipid synthesis in the liver","volume":"389","author":"BL Knight","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref087","first-page":"261584","article-title":"Changes in the 24\u2009h Rhythmicity of Liver PPARs and peroxisomal markers when feeding is restricted to two daytime hours","volume":"2011","author":"JB Rivera-Zavala","year":"2011","journal-title":"PPAR Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0332295.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-021-00354-2","article-title":"Metabolic Messengers: FGF21","volume":"3","author":"KH Flippo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00185","article-title":"Circadian adaptations to meal timing: neuroendocrine mechanisms","volume":"7","author":"DF Patton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000200509","article-title":"Role of gastrin as a trophic hormone","author":"JH Walsh","year":"1990","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0332295.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.4292\/wjgpt.v6.i4.120","article-title":"Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma in gastric ulcer: An overview of experimental evidences","volume":"6","author":"L Saha","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(02)00187-9","article-title":"PPAR alpha stimulates the rat gastrin-producing cell","volume":"195","author":"I Bakke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0332295.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2008.08.008","article-title":"Intestinal gluconeogenesis is a key factor for early metabolic changes after gastric bypass but not after gastric lap-band in mice","volume":"8","author":"S Troy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332295.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-04902-y","article-title":"Intestinal gluconeogenesis shapes gut microbiota, fecal and urine metabolome in mice with gastric bypass surgery","volume":"12","author":"J Vily-Petit","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0332295.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2015.09.025","article-title":"PEPCK coordinates the regulation of central carbon metabolism to promote cancer cell growth","volume":"60","author":"ED Montal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0332295.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00039.2018","article-title":"Cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase as a cataplerotic pathway in the small intestine","volume":"315","author":"A Potts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332295.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.06.007","article-title":"Mice under Caloric Restriction self-impose a temporal restriction of food intake as revealed by an automated feeder system","volume":"26","author":"VA Acosta-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2023.101691","article-title":"Rest phase snacking increases energy resorption and weight gain in male mice","volume":"69","author":"K Begemann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.12.014","article-title":"Neural activity in the suprachiasmatic circadian clock of nocturnal mice anticipating a daytime meal","volume":"315","author":"T Dattolo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0332295.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114523","article-title":"Misaligned feeding uncouples daily rhythms within brown adipose tissue and between peripheral clocks","volume":"43","author":"VA Acosta-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2019.108160","article-title":"Food deprivation during active phase induces skeletal muscle atrophy via IGF-1 reduction in mice","volume":"677","author":"T Abe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"issue":"48","key":"pone.0332295.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1519735112","article-title":"Shifting the feeding of mice to the rest phase creates metabolic alterations, which, on their own, shift the peripheral circadian clocks by 12 hours","volume":"112","author":"A Mukherji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101535","article-title":"Effects of alternate-day fasting, time-restricted fasting and intermittent energy restriction DSS-induced on colitis and behavioral disorders","volume":"32","author":"X Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00737","article-title":"Circadian Disruption Changes Gut Microbiome Taxa and Functional Gene Composition","volume":"9","author":"JA Deaver","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0332295.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251604","article-title":"Circadian misalignment by environmental light\/dark shifting causes circadian disruption in colon","volume":"16","author":"L Tran","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref106","article-title":"The circadian rhythm as therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"8","author":"Z Post","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Can Assoc Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0332295.ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2017.14","article-title":"AMPK improves gut epithelial differentiation and barrier function via regulating Cdx2 expression","volume":"24","author":"X Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332295.ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10838","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38024-w","article-title":"Regulatory mechanisms of glucose absorption in the mouse proximal small intestine during fasting and feeding","volume":"13","author":"C Nakamura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6884","key":"pone.0332295.ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/nature744","article-title":"Extensive and divergent circadian gene expression in liver and heart","volume":"417","author":"K-F Storch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-102209-163432","article-title":"Circadian control of global gene expression patterns","volume":"44","author":"CJ Doherty","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332295.ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.12.006","article-title":"Diurnal transcriptome landscape of a multi-tissue response to time-restricted feeding in mammals","volume":"35","author":"S Deota","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0332295.ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.05.002","article-title":"Hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 is regulated by PPARalpha and is a key mediator of hepatic lipid metabolism in ketotic states","volume":"5","author":"MK Badman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0332295.ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.11.077","article-title":"Fasting Imparts a Switch to Alternative Daily Pathways in Liver and Muscle","volume":"25","author":"K Kinouchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2014.00234","article-title":"Sex differences in behavioral circadian rhythms in laboratory rodents","volume":"5","author":"JA Krizo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0332295.ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12070657","article-title":"Multi-tissue time-domain nmr metabolomics investigation of time-restricted feeding in male and female nile grass rats","volume":"12","author":"H Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0332295.ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.7b00750","article-title":"Tissue level diet and sex-by-diet interactions reveal unique metabolite and clustering profiles using untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry on adipose, skeletal muscle, and liver tissue in C57BL6\/J Mice","volume":"17","author":"A Wells","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120636","article-title":"Characterization of the metabolic differences between male and female C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"301","author":"GO de Souza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0332295.ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.04.033","article-title":"A guide for the design of pre-clinical studies on sex differences in metabolism","volume":"25","author":"F Mauvais-Jarvis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0332295.ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218935","article-title":"Male and female mice show equal variability in food intake across 4-day spans that encompass estrous cycles","volume":"14","author":"B Smarr","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.01.001","article-title":"Female mice liberated for inclusion in neuroscience and biomedical research","volume":"40","author":"BJ Prendergast","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0332295.ref121","first-page":"479","article-title":"Cage change influences serum corticosterone and anxiety-like behaviors in the mouse","volume":"50","author":"S Rasmussen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0332295.ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600022752","article-title":"Modulation of Aggression in Male Mice: Influence of Cage Cleaning Regime and Scent Marks","volume":"9","author":"PLP Van Loo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anim welf"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0332295.ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gls009","article-title":"Age-related increase in food spilling by laboratory mice may lead to significant overestimation of actual food consumption: implications for studies on dietary restriction, metabolism, and dose calculations","volume":"67","author":"ME Starr","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0332295.ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2012.08.004","article-title":"Thermal physiology of laboratory mice: Defining thermoneutrality","volume":"37","author":"CJ Gordon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Thermal Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0332295.ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-20-0100","article-title":"Housing temperature affects the circadian rhythm of hepatic metabolism and clock genes","volume":"247","author":"A Rabearivony","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"pone.0332295.ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2022.101551","article-title":"Effects of ambient temperatures between 5 and 35 \u00b0C on energy balance, body mass and body composition in mice","volume":"64","author":"Z Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecular Metabolism"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0332295.ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.03.065","article-title":"Mouse Thermoregulation: Introducing the Concept of the Thermoneutral Point","volume":"31","author":"V \u0160kop","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0332295","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T17:47:10Z","timestamp":1757526430000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0332295"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Nicholas S.","family":"Foulkes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"references-count":127,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0332295","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.02.20.580958","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]}}}