{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T19:08:54Z","timestamp":1784833734028,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oropharyngeal dysphagia is common and often results in aspiration. Thickeners are widely used to thicken liquids to slow the liquid bolus and prevent aspiration and aspiration pneumonia, despite multiple concerns about their use. To date, there is little data on prescribing\/dispensing practices. This study aims to provide the first overview of thickener dispensing practices, serve as foundational material for parties interested in research, practice and policy making, and guide further work in this area.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We explored English general practitioner thickener dispensing practices for the five-year period 2019\u20132024 via the NHS Business Services Authority ePACT2 database and using descriptive statistics and linear regression to analyse the data. We hypothesized that with a large data set, it would be possible to detect trends in dispensing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between 2019 and 2024, nearly three million thickening items were dispensed in primary care in England at a cost of nearly 90 million sterling. Thickened liquids is primarily an intervention for older people although there was a significant decreasing trend in dispensed thickener items in adult populations. Thickener dispensing has increased in the youngest age group (0\u20131-years-old). The cost of thickeners to the NHS has risen in the last year under study despite the significant decline in use observed for most age groups. Of dispensed items over the five-year period, the vast majority were gum-based.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While the data provided in this study is limited to GP dispensed thickeners in England, it provides researchers, clinicians and policy makers with initial information on dispensing practices. From the available data, a decreasing dispensing trend is seen in the context of rising costs, older people comprise the population who primarily receive thickeners and gum-based products dominate the market. This study raises a number of questions regarding the use of thickeners for people with swallowing problems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0332357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T18:56:02Z","timestamp":1784832962000},"page":"e0332357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trends in general practitioner dispensing of thickeners in the NHS England, 2019\u201324"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0649-0448","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Arlene","family":"McCurtin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsey","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Owen","family":"Doody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dervla","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy","family":"Lazenby-Paterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominika","family":"Lisiecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaun","family":"O\u2019Keeffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the Swallow Perspectives, Advocacy & Research Collective","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0332357.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1044\/2024_AJSLP-23-00407","article-title":"Prevalence of dysphonia and dysphagia among adults in the United States in 2012 and 2022","volume":"33","author":"I Hong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Amer J Speech-Lang Pathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0332357.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12060649","article-title":"The prevalence of dysphagia in individuals living in residential aged care facilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"H Roberts","year":"2024","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0332357.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2022.2151850","article-title":"Defining dysphagia - a modified multi-professional Danish Delphi study","volume":"58","author":"AH Nielsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"pone.0332357.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-14-54","article-title":"Trends over time in prescribing by English primary care nurses: a secondary analysis of a national prescription database","volume":"14","author":"VM Drennan","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0332357.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1080\/17549507.2016.1265588","article-title":"Dysphagia therapy post stroke: an exploration of the practices and clinical decision-making of speech-language pathologists in Australia","volume":"20","author":"O Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Speech Lang Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332357.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2016.1159333","article-title":"Why do clinicians choose the therapies and techniques they do? 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