{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:50:30Z","timestamp":1790812230438,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Microbial infections represent a major hazard to global public health, resulting in extensive morbidity and mortality across the globe. As a result, in the past 10 years, nanoparticles have drawn a lot of interest in their potential to manage microbial diseases. One of the few studies that has used a green and environmentally acceptable approach of producing magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgONPs) was employed via using an extract from watermelon peels. UV\u2013visible, FTIR, XRD, and TEM were used to comprehensively characterize the biosynthesized MgONPs. The synthetic MgONPs have a polycrystalline form with a median particle size of 6\u201317\u2009nm, according on the characterization of the material. According to the antimicrobial results, MgONPs showed notable antimicrobial properties toward B\n                    <jats:italic>. subtitles, S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with an inhibition zone measuring 18.2\u2009\u00b1\u20090.36, 23.7\u2009\u00b1\u20090.4, 15.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.25, 17.6\u2009\u00b1\u20090.56, and 16.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.32\u2009mm respectively. While the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) varied from 50 to 200 \u00b5g\/mL. MgONPs have successfully demonstrated antibiofilm potential versus MRSA. A molecular docking simulation was carried out to obtain a better understanding of the potential mechanism of MgO-NPs against the\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain. The results imply that the activity may be attributed to the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) with a varying degree, and the predominant interaction observed is the hydrophobic interaction with the residues\u2019 amino acids in the active site of the pocket in\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Furthermore, the DPPH technique revealed that MgONPs had considerable antioxidant activity, with an IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    of 223 \u00b5g\/mL. Additionally, at a dosage of 62.5 \u00b5g\/mL, MgONPs exhibit possible antiviral efficacy against HAV and HSV1, with proportions of 84.7 and 49.7%, respectively. Finally, the watermelon peel extract biosynthesized MgONPs exhibit antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and antiviral properties that show promise to be utilized in the biomedical field.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0332367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T17:39:10Z","timestamp":1758130750000},"page":"e0332367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Green synthesis, characterization, molecular simulation, and in vitro biomedical application of magnesium oxide nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4025-8586","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samy","family":"Selim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed K. Y.","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed S.","family":"Almuhayawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed H.","family":"Alruhaili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hattan S.","family":"Gattan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amna A.","family":"Saddiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nashwa","family":"Hagagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashwag Jaman","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soad K.","family":"Al Jaouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2898-6708","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Salem S.","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0332367.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoso.2024.101299","article-title":"Nano revolution: exploring the frontiers of nanomaterials in science, technology, and society","volume":"39","author":"NB Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Struct Nano Objects"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0332367.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.3c01064","article-title":"Recent advances in nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for the diagnosis and treatment of reproductive disorders","volume":"7","author":"B Acharya","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl Bio Mater"},{"key":"pone.0332367.ref003","article-title":"A comprehensive review on the green synthesis of nanoparticles: advancements in biomedical and environmental applications","author":"D Kirubakaran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed Mater Devices"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0332367.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-023-03467-2","article-title":"A mini review on green nanotechnology and its development in biological effects","volume":"205","author":"SS Salem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0332367.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.122880","article-title":"A comprehensive review on green synthesis of nature-inspired metal nanoparticles: Mechanism, application and toxicity","volume":"272","author":"A Rana","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clean Production"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332367.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-023-00542-5","article-title":"Phytogenic nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and their roles in physiology and biochemistry of plants","volume":"37","author":"M Shiraz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332367.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.33263\/BRIAC131.041","article-title":"A comprehensive review of nanomaterials: types, synthesis, characterization, and applications","volume":"13","author":"SS Salem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biointerface Res Appl Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332367.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1515\/ntrev-2022-0034","article-title":"Green synthesis of nanoparticles for varied applications: Green renewable resources and energy-efficient synthetic routes","volume":"11","author":"M Madani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanotechnol Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0332367.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-022-03809-8","article-title":"Bio-fabrication of selenium nanoparticles using baker\u2019s yeast extract and its antimicrobial efficacy on food borne pathogens","volume":"194","author":"SS Salem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Biochem Biotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332367.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/gps-2024-0218","article-title":"Biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles: Multifunctional potential applications in anticancer, antibacterial, and B. subtilis DNA gyrase docking","volume":"14","author":"S Selim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Green Process Synthesis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0332367.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.202400536","article-title":"Investigation of the effects of applying bio-magnesium oxide nanoparticle fertilizer to moringa oleifera plants on the chemical and vegetative properties of the plants\u2019 leaves","volume":"20","author":"AA Suliman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biotechnol J"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0332367.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-024-03000-9","article-title":"Enhanced bactericidal, antibiofilm and antioxidative response of Lawsonia inermis leaf extract synthesized ZnO NPs loaded with commercial antibiotic","volume":"47","author":"B Malaikozhundan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioprocess Biosyst Eng"},{"key":"pone.0332367.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2023.111206","article-title":"Potential inhibition of biofilm forming bacteria and fungi and DPPH free radicals using Tamarindus indica fruit extract assisted iron oxide nanoparticle","volume":"156","author":"P Vinothini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inorganic Chem Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332367.ref014","article-title":"Green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles from Cassia javanica flowers extract and their medical and agricultural applications","volume":"14","author":"MKY Soliman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Reports"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0332367.ref015","article-title":"A comprehensive study on characterization of biosynthesized copper-oxide nanoparticles, their capabilities as anticancer and antibacterial agents, and predicting optimal docking poses into the cavity of S. aureus DHFR","volume":"20","author":"ES Gad","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0332367.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7278","DOI":"10.3390\/ma8115377","article-title":"Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles via biological entities","volume":"8","author":"M Shah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332367.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02138-3","article-title":"Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and their prospective biotechnological applications: an overview","volume":"199","author":"SS Salem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0332367.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237567","article-title":"Biogenic green synthesis of MgO nanoparticles using Saussurea costus biomasses for a comprehensive detection of their antimicrobial, cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells and photocatalysis potentials","volume":"15","author":"M Amina","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0332367.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.110617","article-title":"Bioactivity of magnesium oxide nanoparticles synthesized from cell filtrate of endobacterium Burkholderia rinojensis against Fusarium oxysporum","volume":"109","author":"MM Abdel-Aziz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl"},{"key":"pone.0332367.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.01.029","article-title":"Biological therapeutics of Pongamia pinnata coated zinc oxide nanoparticles against clinically important pathogenic bacteria, fungi and MCF-7 breast cancer cells","volume":"104","author":"B Malaikozhundan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"pone.0332367.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2018.11.014","article-title":"Anticancer, antimicrobial and photocatalytic activities of green synthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgONPs) using aqueous extract of Sargassum wightii","volume":"190","author":"A Pugazhendhi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol B"},{"issue":"47","key":"pone.0332367.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24610","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm35087d","article-title":"Mechanistic investigation on the toxicity of MgO nanoparticles toward cancer cells","volume":"22","author":"K Krishnamoorthy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Mater Chem"},{"key":"pone.0332367.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2020.127792","article-title":"Bio-engineered magnesium oxide nanoparticles as nano-priming agent for enhancing seed germination and seedling vigour of green gram (Vigna radiata L.)","volume":"271","author":"K Vijai Anand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Materials Letters"},{"key":"pone.0332367.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.136521","article-title":"Green synthesized MgO nanoparticles infer biocompatibility by reducing in vivo molecular nanotoxicity in embryonic zebrafish through arginine interaction elicited apoptosis","volume":"713","author":"SK Verma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0332367.ref025","article-title":"Influence of biosynthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles on growth and physiological aspects of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) plant, cowpea beetle, and cytotoxicity","volume":"18","author":"NAH Abdelfattah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biotechnol J"},{"issue":"41","key":"pone.0332367.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6412","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TB00992B","article-title":"Preventing fungal growth on heritage paper with antifungal and cellulase inhibiting magnesium oxide nanoparticles","volume":"7","author":"I Franco Castillo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Mater Chem B"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332367.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s12034-019-1963-5","article-title":"Synthesis and evaluation of antibacterial properties of magnesium oxide nanoparticles","volume":"43","author":"J Maji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull Mater Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332367.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-016-0754-8","article-title":"Functional Improvement in rats\u2019 pancreatic islets using magnesium oxide nanoparticles through antiapoptotic and antioxidant pathways","volume":"175","author":"S Moeini-Nodeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"pone.0332367.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.128679","article-title":"Critical review of biochemical pathways to transformation of waste and biomass into bioenergy","volume":"372","author":"S Manikandan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"pone.0332367.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2022.128057","article-title":"Sustainability and carbon neutralization trends in microalgae bioenergy production from wastewater treatment: A review","volume":"364","author":"S Thanigaivel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"pone.0332367.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2022.127234","article-title":"Enhanced biogas production from food waste and activated sludge using advanced techniques - A review","volume":"355","author":"SR Deena","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0332367.ref032","first-page":"187","article-title":"A review on plant extract mediated biogenic synthesis of CdO nanoparticles and their recent applications","volume":"3","author":"S Ghotekar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian J Green Chem"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0332367.ref033","first-page":"3288","article-title":"Watermelon rind mediated biosynthesis of bimetallic selenium-silver nanoparticles: characterization, antimicrobial and anticancer activities","volume":"12","author":"AH Hashem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plants (Basel)"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0332367.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtusci.2016.09.004","article-title":"Phytoassisted synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles with Swertia chirayaita","volume":"11","author":"G Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Taibah Univ Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0332367.ref035","article-title":"Novel Leea grandifolia leaves mediated synthesis of ZnO nanorods for photocatalytic and anticancer applications","volume":"35","author":"S Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Organometallic Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0332367.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-022-04199-7","article-title":"Biosynthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles and their efficacy towards antibacterial, antibiofilm, cytotoxicity, and antioxidant activities","volume":"195","author":"MKY Soliman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Biochem Biotechnol"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0332367.ref037","first-page":"14033","article-title":"Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles by using Calotropis procera leaves for the photodegradation of methyl orange","volume":"28","author":"VV Gawade","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Mater Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0332367.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.22207\/JPAM.15.4.49","article-title":"Antibacterial resistance pattern in clinical and non-clinical bacteria by phenotypic and genotypic assessment","volume":"15","author":"M Shawky","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pure Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0332367.ref039","volume-title":"M100 performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing","author":"J Patel","year":"2017"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0332367.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinmicnews.2019.11.002","article-title":"What\u2019s new from the CLSI subcommittee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing M100, 29th Edition","volume":"41","author":"TC Abbey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Newslett"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0332367.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28253","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-022-03507-9","article-title":"Multifunctional properties of silver and gold nanoparticles synthesis by Fusarium pseudonygamai","volume":"14","author":"MKY Soliman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomass Conv Bioref"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0332367.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/aoc.7238","article-title":"Photocatalytic activity of co\u2010doped NPs based on ZnO as a new class of anti\u2010microbial agents: synthesis, characterization, kinetics, isotherm, and in silico molecular docking simulation","volume":"37","author":"M Basseem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Organom Chemis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0332367.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4083","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0103572","article-title":"Determination of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Rumex crispus L. extracts","volume":"49","author":"A Yildirim","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0332367.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0310927","article-title":"Investigating the in vitro antibacterial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, anticancer and antiviral activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles biofabricated from Cassia javanica","volume":"19","author":"MS Almuhayawi","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0332367.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13122034","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles as potential antiviral agents","volume":"13","author":"ZA Ratan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0332367.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12050627","article-title":"Plant extracts mediated metal-based nanoparticles: synthesis and biological applications","volume":"12","author":"JO Adeyemi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"pone.0332367.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onano.2022.100076","article-title":"Green synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles: updates on research, patents, and future prospects","volume":"8","author":"SJ Nadaf","year":"2022","journal-title":"OpenNano"},{"issue":"29","key":"pone.0332367.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15665","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.0c03871","article-title":"Shapes, plasmonic properties, and reactivity of magnesium nanoparticles","volume":"124","author":"E Ringe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces"},{"key":"pone.0332367.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9780367800475","volume-title":"Metal nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and applications","author":"DL Fedlheim","year":"2001"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0332367.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2800","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NJ03176E","article-title":"Biosynthesis and characterization of MgO nanoparticles from plant extracts via induced molecular nucleation","volume":"41","author":"J Jeevanandam","year":"2017","journal-title":"New J Chem"},{"key":"pone.0332367.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5620989","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5620989","article-title":"The green synthesis of MgO nano-flowers using Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Rosemary) and the antibacterial activities against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae","volume":"2019","author":"Y Abdallah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"pone.0332367.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124146","article-title":"Biogenic synthesis of MgO nanoparticles from different extracts (flower, bark, leaf) of Tecoma stans (L.) and their utilization in selected organic dyes treatment","volume":"404","author":"DTC Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0332367.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13091384","article-title":"Highly functionalized modified metal oxides polymeric sensors for potentiometric determination of letrozole in commercial oral tablets and biosamples","volume":"13","author":"AM Shawky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polymers (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0332367.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2020.118717","article-title":"Phytochemical screening and determination of phenolics and flavonoids in Dillenia pentagyna using UV-vis and FTIR spectroscopy","volume":"242","author":"TK Patle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0332367.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3427","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-022-02993-1","article-title":"Pseudo-first kinetics model of copper doping on the structural, magnetic, and photocatalytic activity of magnesium oxide nanoparticles for energy application","volume":"13","author":"M Subash","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomass Conv Bioref"},{"key":"pone.0332367.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.207","article-title":"Hemoglobin self-assembly and antibacterial activities of bio-modified Ag-MgO nanocomposites by different concentrations of Artemisia haussknechtii and Protoparmeliopsis muralis extracts","volume":"152","author":"M Alavi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332367.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40543-019-0185-1","article-title":"MgO-ZnO\/carbon nanofiber nanocomposite as an adsorbent for ultrasound-assisted dispersive solid-phase microextraction of carbamazepine from wastewater prior to high-performance liquid chromatographic detection","volume":"10","author":"MW Lekota","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anal Sci Technol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0332367.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7050372","article-title":"Rhizopus oryzae-mediated green synthesis of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles (MgO-NPs): a promising tool for antimicrobial, mosquitocidal action, and tanning effluent treatment","volume":"7","author":"SE-D Hassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332367.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-021-00119-0","article-title":"Phytoassisted synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles from Pterocarpus marsupium rox.b heartwood extract and its biomedical applications","volume":"19","author":"MA Ammulu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Genet Eng Biotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332367.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16260","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34567-5","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activities and Mechanisms of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles (nMgO) against Pathogenic Bacteria, Yeasts, and Biofilms","volume":"8","author":"N-YT Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0332367.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2147\/NSA.S99986","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization, applications, and challenges of iron oxide nanoparticles","volume":"9","author":"A Ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanotechnol Sci Appl"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0332367.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(14)60171-1","article-title":"Green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Psidium guajava extract and its antibacterial and antioxidant properties","volume":"7","author":"T Santhoshkumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0332367.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15719","article-title":"Effects of temperature, pH and sodium chloride on antimicrobial activity of magnesium oxide nanoparticles against E. coli O157:H7","volume":"133","author":"JY Yoon","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0332367.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2022.112688","article-title":"Tetracycline-loaded magnesium oxide nanoparticles with a potential bactericidal action against multidrug-resistant bacteria: In vitro and in vivo evidence","volume":"217","author":"S Das","year":"2022","journal-title":"Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0332367.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1007\/s00775-019-01717-7","article-title":"Antimicrobial activities of biologically synthesized metal nanoparticles: an insight into the mechanism of action","volume":"24","author":"P Nisar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biol Inorg Chem"},{"key":"pone.0332367.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127978","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2021.127978","article-title":"Effect of anionic groups on the antibacterial activity of magnesium oxide nanoparticles","volume":"635","author":"X Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Coll Surf A"},{"issue":"26","key":"pone.0332367.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5329","DOI":"10.1039\/D1TB00875G","article-title":"An insight into the mechanism of antibacterial activity by magnesium oxide nanoparticles","volume":"9","author":"P Bhattacharya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Mater Chem B"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0332367.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1252\/jcej.30.1034","article-title":"Escherichia coli damage by ceramic powder slurries","volume":"30","author":"J Sawai","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Chem Eng Japan \/ JCEJ"},{"key":"pone.0332367.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527698042.ch8","article-title":"Interactions between surface material and bacteria: from biofilm formation to suppression","author":"L Treccani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surface Functionalized Ceramics"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0332367.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9020059","article-title":"Bacterial biofilm and its role in the pathogenesis of disease","volume":"9","author":"LK Vestby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0332367.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0702.010226","article-title":"Biofilms and device-associated infections","volume":"7","author":"RM Donlan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0332367.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3390\/md17040208","article-title":"Fucoidan-stabilized gold nanoparticle-mediated biofilm inhibition, attenuation of virulence and motility properties in pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1","volume":"17","author":"F Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar Drugs"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0332367.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.3390\/catal13040642","article-title":"Green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles and nanocomposites for photocatalytic antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antifungal applications","volume":"13","author":"M Ramezani Farani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Catalysts"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332367.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16868","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96377-6","article-title":"Green synthesis of magnesium nanoparticles mediated from Rosa floribunda charisma extract and its antioxidant, antiaging and antibiofilm activities","volume":"11","author":"IY Younis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0332367.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12580","article-title":"In vitro antibiofilm and anti-adhesion effects of magnesium oxide nanoparticles against antibiotic resistant bacteria","volume":"62","author":"S Hayat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0332367.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s10876-019-01651-3","article-title":"Response surface methodology optimization of mono-dispersed MgO nanoparticles fabricated by ultrasonic-assisted Sol\u2013Gel method for outstanding antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities","volume":"31","author":"CW Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clust Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0332367.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200500029","article-title":"Microwave\u2010assisted synthesis of nanocrystalline MgO and its use as a bacteriocide","volume":"15","author":"S Makhluf","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv Funct Materials"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0332367.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026618666181025114157","article-title":"Advancements in docking and molecular dynamics simulations towards ligand-receptor interactions and structure-function relationships","volume":"18","author":"AAT Naqvi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Top Med Chem"},{"key":"pone.0332367.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.142","article-title":"Formation of biocompatible MgO\/cellulose grafted hydrogel for efficient bactericidal and controlled release of doxorubicin","volume":"220","author":"I Shahzadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0332367.ref080","first-page":"1963","article-title":"One-pot biopreparation of trimetallic ZnO\u2013MgO\u2013CuO nanoparticles: enhanced cytotoxicity, antibacterial activities and molecular docking studies","volume":"7","author":"TA Orshiso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem Af"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0332367.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s13596-018-0333-y","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera seed extracts","volume":"18","author":"IA Jahan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orient Pharm Exp Med"},{"key":"pone.0332367.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.10.028","article-title":"Studies on hepatoprotective and antioxidant actions of Strychnos potatorum Linn. seeds on CCl4-induced acute hepatic injury in experimental rats","volume":"105","author":"E Sanmugapriya","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0332367.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s13204-015-0455-1","article-title":"Facile approach to synthesize magnesium oxide nanoparticles by using Clitoria ternatea\u2014characterization and in vitro antioxidant studies","volume":"6","author":"N John Sushma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl Nanosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0332367.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s40995-016-0076-x","article-title":"Synthesis of MgO nanoparticles using artemisia abrotanum herba extract and their antioxidant and photocatalytic properties","volume":"42","author":"R Dobrucka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iran J Sci Technol Trans Sci"},{"key":"pone.0332367.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3311","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S165125","article-title":"Potential antibacterial mechanism of silver nanoparticles and the optimization of orthopedic implants by advanced modification technologies","volume":"13","author":"Y Qing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0332367.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(96)00432-7","article-title":"The origin of the hydroxyl radical oxygen in the Fenton reaction","volume":"22","author":"RV Lloyd","year":"1997","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0332367.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(94)00159-H","article-title":"Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metal ions","volume":"18","author":"SJ Stohs","year":"1995","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0332367.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2011.653969","article-title":"Mechanisms of free radical-induced damage to DNA","volume":"46","author":"M Dizdaroglu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radic Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332367.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10751-024-02088-5","article-title":"Exploring the role of different phytochemicals on the morphological variations of metal and metal oxide nanomaterials for biomedical application","volume":"245","author":"H Kaur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Interactions"},{"key":"pone.0332367.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S229880","article-title":"Inactivation of non-enveloped viruses and bacteria by an electrically charged disinfectant containing meso-structure nanoparticles via modification of the genome","volume":"15","author":"A Sakudo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0332367.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11030629","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles: review of antiviral properties, mechanism of action and applications","volume":"11","author":"A Luceri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0332367.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020182","article-title":"Phytogenic fabrication of Ag-Fe bimetallic nanoparticles for cell cycle arrest and apoptosis signaling pathways in candida auris by generating oxidative stress","volume":"10","author":"MR Kamli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332367.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s43088-024-00513-w","article-title":"Uncovering and evaluating coconut oil-loaded silica nanoemulsion as anti-viral, bacterial, and fungal: synthesis, fabrication, characterization, and biosafety profiles","volume":"13","author":"ME Elnosary","year":"2024","journal-title":"Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0332367","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T17:39:26Z","timestamp":1758130766000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0332367"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Balraj","family":"Baskaran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0332367","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]}}}