{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:53:01Z","timestamp":1792180381167,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"l Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["51968026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51968026"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52268012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52268012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"A project funded by the Jiangxi Provincial Social Science Fund","award":["25YS07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25YS07"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traditional villages have evolved over time to adapt to their environmental characteristics, demonstrating high ecological suitability. Ideal village locations not only provide comfortable living spaces but also ensure safety and sustainability, reflecting the ancestors\u2019 profound understanding of the natural environment and ecological wisdom. This study employs an artificial intelligence-based multi-model integration approach to evaluate the ecological suitability of 413 traditional village sites in Jiangxi Province. Key influencing factors are identified, and the ecological wisdom of ancestral site selection is analyzed, resulting in an ecological suitability evaluation map for traditional village locations in Jiangxi Province. The study draws upon environmental characteristic data of Jiangxi Province, including topography, climate, habitat quality, land use, air quality, vegetation cover, and river network density. GIS technology is utilized for spatial analysis and result visualization, with raster data being extracted and standardized. Machine learning methods, such as Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, and Gradient Boosting Decision Trees, along with deep learning methods like Convolutional Neural Networks and Multilayer Perceptrons, are applied. Multi-model integration techniques combine diverse predictive outputs, thereby enhancing the overall accuracy and robustness of ecological suitability evaluations. Experimental results indicate that elevation, slope, habitat quality, actual distance to water bodies, and average temperature are the main influencing factors for village site selection. The multi-model integration method performs excellently in evaluating ecological suitability, effectively identifying key ecological factors. The model\u2019s accuracy and reliability are verified through confusion matrix, feature importance analysis, and ROC curve. By analyzing the impact weights of various ecological factors, this study constructs a Composite Suitability Index (CSI) and generates an ecological suitability evaluation map that clearly displays suitability levels. This provides a scientific basis for the protection and rational development of traditional villages and serves as a reference for ecological site selection studies in other regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0332375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T17:27:11Z","timestamp":1759339631000},"page":"e0332375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Ecological suitability evaluation of traditional village locations in Jiangxi Province based on multi-model integration using artificial intelligence"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Cheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinlin","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peilin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2184-1565","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chunqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0332375.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2013.09.008","article-title":"Doing real and permanent good in landscape and urban planning: Ecological wisdom for urban sustainability","volume":"121","author":"W-N Xiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Landscape and Urban Planning."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332375.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s42532-019-00006-6","article-title":"Ecopracticology: the study of socio-ecological practice","volume":"1","author":"W-N Xiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Socio Ecol Pract Res."},{"key":"pone.0332375.ref003","first-page":"103678","article-title":"The phronetic approach to ecological wisdom: Building practical knowledge for and from socio-ecological practice","volume":"194","author":"WN Xiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Landscape and Urban Planning."},{"key":"pone.0332375.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang Y, Shen J, Yan W, Chen C. 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