{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T00:12:02Z","timestamp":1758931922065,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"\nBackground<\/jats:title>\nCOVID-19 has changed the way hospitals manage infections and how healthcare workers (HCWs) carry out their activities. The pandemic has taught us how safety, hygiene and work schedules should be implemented. After the pandemic, a substantial body of research has examined the managerial capacities of health systems, national prevention programmes, and crisis-response strategies.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nObjective<\/jats:title>\nThe aim of this study is to determine the most critical risk management measures in the context of COVID-19 pandemic, with a focus both prevention and post-factum control measures.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nMethodology<\/jats:title>\nWe conducted a study using a questionnaire previously validated by the World Health Organization, adapted to identify the key organisational measures for preventing and controlling infections during interactions with patients infected with COVID-19 virus. The setting for the study was the \u201cSf. Ioan cel Nou\u201d County Emergency Hospital, Suceava, Romania. A total of 312 responses were collected between 10.10.2020 and 19.03.2021. The study complied with two ethical protocols, data were analysed using 21.0 version of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nResults<\/jats:title>\nStatistical analysis identified four constructs grouping the measures \u2013 technical, organisational, human resources, and others, all aimed at preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 within and beyond the hospital. In our vision, these four main resulted constructs could be conceptualised similarly to a security system, which aims protects an \u201casset\u201d from a threat by applying several layers that gradually reduce risk to near zero. Specifically, the first layer involves managing exposure risk by separating contaminated from uncontaminated areas; the second comprises general preventive measures for healthcare workers operating in contaminated areas; the third layer addresses staff attendance and workplace organisation, and the fourth focuses on risks perceived and manifested at the individual level.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nConclusion<\/jats:title>\nExposure risk assessment and management follow a logic similar to that of a security system designed to protect an \u201casset\u201d from a threat. In our case, the health of the HCWs was at risk due to their interactions with COVID-19 patients at \u201cSf. Ioan cel Nou\u201d County Emergency Hospital, Suceava, Romania. Hypothesis testing indicated that all implemented measures contributed significantly to pandemic management, although a functional exposure risk management system requires effective risk reduction across all 4 layers. Given the validity of the second hypothesis \u2013 that preventive measures were generally applied at the hospital \u2013 we can conclude that HCWs and managers may primarily focus on this type of preventive measure, mainly addressing the second layer alone. This imbalance risks diverting managerial attention and resources toward the second layer at the expense of the other three.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0332804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T17:39:28Z","timestamp":1758908368000},"page":"e0332804","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Layers of exposure risk management measures for the prevention and control of infections of healthcare workers treating COVID-19 patients"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ne\u015ftian \u0218tefan","family":"Andrei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8986-6422","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Turnea","family":"Elena-Sabina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ti\u0163\u0103","family":"Silviu-Mihail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vod\u0103","family":"Ana-Iolanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Poroch","family":"Vladimir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0332804.ref001","first-page":"1","author":"C Blackwell","year":"2008"},{"key":"pone.0332804.ref002","unstructured":"Tillwick H, Olivier M. 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