{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T01:09:10Z","timestamp":1761181750963,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010414","name":"Health Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HRB ICE-2015-1019."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRB ICE-2015-1019."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010414","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to assess the prevalence and persistence of key maternal morbidities \u2013 urinary incontinence, faecal incontinence, pelvic girdle pain, sexual health problems, depression, and anxiety \u2013 after the births of a first and second baby. Its longitudinal design distinguishes it from previous research by examining a range of morbidities over two childbirths and stratifying results based on women\u2019s prior health history.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods and findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A prospective cohort of 3,047 nulliparous women completed surveys in early pregnancy and at 3, 6, 9, and 12-months postpartum after their first birth. Of these, 254 women who had a second baby and consented to follow-up completed additional surveys at 6-months and\/or 12-months postpartum after their second baby\u2019s birth. Prevalence of each morbidity was reported at each time point, 3, 6, 9, 12-months after the first birth; and 6 and\/or 12-months after the second birth. Persistence was defined as reporting the morbidity at 6 and\/or 12-months after the first birth and again at 6 and\/or 12-months after the second birth. Among 91 women reporting urinary incontinence after their first baby\u2019s birth, persistence was 100% (n\u2009=\u20095\/5) for those who experienced it in the 12-months prior to their first pregnancy and 39.5% (n\u2009=\u200934\/86) for those without (RR 2.53, 95% CI (1.95\u20133.29)). For pelvic girdle pain (n\u2009=\u200986), persistence was 98.1% (n\u2009=\u200952\/53) who experienced it in the 12-months prior to their first pregnancy and 97.0% (n\u2009=\u200932\/33) for those without (RR 1.01, 95% CI (0.94\u20131.09)). Sexual health problems persisted in 100% (n\u2009=\u200976\/76) of those who experienced it in the 12-months prior to their first pregnancy versus 89.6% (n\u2009=\u200943\/48) without (RR 1.12, 95% CI (1.02\u20131.23)). Depression persisted in 50% (n\u2009=\u20094\/8) of those who experienced it in the 12 months prior to their first pregnancy versus 19.0% (n\u2009=\u200915\/79) without (RR 2.63, 95% CI (1.15\u20136.03)); and anxiety persisted in 100% (n\u2009=\u20091\/1) of those who experienced it in the 12-months prior to their first pregnancy versus 13.5% (n\u2009=\u200912\/89) without anxiety (RR 7.42, 95% CI (4.38\u201312.55)).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings underscore the need for early identification and intervention to mitigate long-term health issues, highlighting the importance of targeted pregnancy and postpartum care for women with prior maternal morbidities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0332891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T17:21:57Z","timestamp":1761153717000},"page":"e0332891","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The prevalence and persistence of maternal morbidities after first vs. second birth: A prospective cohort study in Ireland"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Wuytack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6620-5688","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brenda","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony P.","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1201-7136","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paul","family":"Corcoran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cecily","family":"Begley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3045-9894","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Deirdre","family":"Daly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0332891.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)00044-9","article-title":"Rethinking maternal health","volume":"4","author":"FM Knaul","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"pone.0332891.ref002","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0332891.ref003","unstructured":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). GBD Compare Data Visualization. 2020. Available: http:\/\/vizhub.healthdata.org\/gbd-compare"},{"issue":"10129","key":"pone.0332891.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30104-1","article-title":"Countdown to 2030: tracking progress towards universal coverage for reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health","volume":"391","author":"Countdown to 2030 Collaboration","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0332891.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3329\/jhpn.v30i2.11294","article-title":"Maternal morbidity and disability and their consequences: neglected agenda in maternal health","volume":"30","author":"M Koblinsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0332891.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12468","article-title":"The frequency of maternal morbidity: A systematic review of systematic reviews","author":"G Gon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332891.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-009-0976-9","article-title":"An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)\/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic floor dysfunction","volume":"21","author":"BT Haylen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0332891.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-018-3554-1","article-title":"Urinary incontinence in nulliparous women before and during pregnancy: prevalence, incidence, type, and risk factors","volume":"29","author":"D Daly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"pone.0332891.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-021-04877-w","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence and bothersomeness of urinary incontinence between 6 weeks and 1 year post-partum: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"HFA Moossdorff-Steinhauser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Urogynecology J"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0332891.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23551","article-title":"6th International Consultation on Incontinence. Recommendations of the International Scientific Committee: evaluation and treatment of urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse and faecal incontinence","volume":"37","author":"P Abrams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0332891.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-009-1011-x","article-title":"Urinary incontinence in nulliparous women before and during pregnancy: prevalence, incidence, and associated risk factors","volume":"21","author":"SJ Brown","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0332891.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00232-8","article-title":"A community-based epidemiological survey of female urinary incontinence: the Norwegian EPINCONT study. Epidemiology of Incontinence in the County of Nord-Tr\u00f8ndelag","volume":"53","author":"Norwegian EPINCONT study. Epidemiology of Incontinence in the County of Nord-Tr\u00f8ndelag","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0332891.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-020-04267-8","article-title":"Postpartum anal incontinence in women with and without obstetric anal sphincter injuries","volume":"31","author":"R Everist","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0332891.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14027","article-title":"Pregnancy- and obstetric-related risk factors for urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, or pelvic organ prolapse later in life: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"MAH Hage-Fransen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0332891.ref015","first-page":"505","article-title":"Prognosis in four syndromes of pregnancy-related pelvic pain","volume":"80","author":"H Albert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0332891.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2010.05.007","article-title":"Pelvic girdle pain: potential risk factors in pregnancy in relation to disability and pain intensity three months postpartum","volume":"15","author":"HS Robinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Man Ther"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0332891.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31824dcb74","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with low back pain and pelvic girdle pain during pregnancy: a multicenter study conducted in the Spanish National Health Service","volume":"37","author":"FM Kovacs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"pone.0332891.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2017.10.011","article-title":"Women\u2019s experiences of pregnancy related pelvic girdle pain: A systematic review","volume":"56","author":"J Mackenzie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0332891.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20150088","article-title":"Experiences of First-Time Mothers With Persistent Pelvic Girdle Pain After Childbirth: Descriptive Qualitative Study","volume":"95","author":"F Wuytack","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0332891.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.13167","article-title":"Women\u2019s Experience of Pelvic Girdle Pain After Childbirth: A Meta-Synthesis","volume":"66","author":"P Srisopa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Midwifery Womens Health"},{"key":"pone.0332891.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-1838-6","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors associated with sexual health issues in primiparous women at 6 and 12 months postpartum; a longitudinal prospective cohort study (the MAMMI study","volume":"18","author":"D O\u2019Malley","year":"2018","journal-title":"). BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0332891.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-032368","article-title":"Obstetric perineal tears, sexual function and dyspareunia among primiparous women 12 months postpartum: a prospective cohort study","volume":"9","author":"D Gommesen","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pone.0332891.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.16934","article-title":"Predictors for sexual dysfunction in the first year postpartum: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"129","author":"L Cattani","year":"2022","journal-title":"BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0332891.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2010.2232","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of maternal depression during the first three years of child rearing","volume":"20","author":"L Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332891.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2177-y","article-title":"Trajectories of maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms from pregnancy to five years postpartum and their prenatal predictors","volume":"19","author":"A Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"pone.0332891.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.08.001","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of postpartum depression among healthy mothers: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"S Shorey","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"pone.0332891.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.12.043","article-title":"Risk factors associated with postpartum anxiety in Australia, Europe, and North America: A systematic review and narrative synthesis","volume":"373","author":"K Jones","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"pone.0332891.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.02.056","article-title":"Physical health and comorbid anxiety and depression across the first year postpartum in Ireland (MAMMI study): A longitudinal population-based study","volume":"328","author":"S Hannon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0332891.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-022-01231-x","article-title":"Maternal mental health in the first year postpartum in a large Irish population cohort: the MAMMI study","volume":"25","author":"S Hannon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0332891.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13395","article-title":"Urinary incontinence persisting after childbirth: extent, delivery history, and effects in a 12-year longitudinal cohort study","volume":"123","author":"C MacArthur","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0332891.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.03.040","article-title":"Pelvic girdle pain in pregnancy: the impact of parity","volume":"203","author":"EK Bjelland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0332891.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11608.x","article-title":"Women\u2019s health after childbirth: a longitudinal study in France and Italy","volume":"107","author":"MJ Saurel-Cubizolles","year":"2000","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0332891.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.12553","article-title":"Influence of parity and infant age on maternal self-efficacy, social support, postpartum anxiety, and postpartum depression in the first six months in the Maritime Provinces, Canada","volume":"48","author":"J Dol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Birth"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0332891.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-015-0511-6","article-title":"Maternal attitudes, depression, and anxiety in pregnant and postpartum multiparous women","volume":"18","author":"LE Sockol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0332891.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.16075","article-title":"Postpartum psychological distress associated with anal incontinence in the EDEN mother-child cohort","volume":"127","author":"X Fritel","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"pone.0332891.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-18432-1_14","article-title":"Sexual Aspects of Problems in the Postpartum and Early Parenthood (1st Year)","author":"D O\u2019Malley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Midwifery and Sexuality. Springer International Publishing"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0332891.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002782","article-title":"Beyond survival: Prioritizing the unmet mental health needs of pregnant and postpartum women and their caregivers","volume":"4","author":"L Fitzgerald","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0332891.ref038","unstructured":"HPO (Health Pricing Office). Perinatal Statistics report 2012. 2013. Available: https:\/\/www.hpo.ie\/latest_hipe_nprs_reports\/NPRS_2012\/Perinatal_Statistics_Report_2012.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0332891.ref039","unstructured":"HPO (Health Pricing Office). Perinatal Statistics report 2016. 2018. Available: https:\/\/www.hpo.ie\/latest_hipe_nprs_reports\/NPRS_2016\/Perinatal_Statistics_Report_2016.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0332891.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1998.tb10045.x","article-title":"Maternal health after childbirth: results of an Australian population based survey","volume":"105","author":"S Brown","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0332891.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2005.00840.x","article-title":"New postnatal urinary incontinence: obstetric and other risk factors in primiparae","volume":"113","author":"CMA Glazener","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0332891.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2008.02107.x","article-title":"The effect of urinary incontinence status during pregnancy and delivery mode on incontinence postpartum. A cohort study","volume":"116","author":"SL Wesnes","year":"2009","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0332891.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.10.863","article-title":"Assessing obstetric risk factors for maternal morbidity: congruity between medical records and mothers\u2019 reports of obstetric exposures","volume":"206","author":"D Gartland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"pone.0332891.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-221","article-title":"A longitudinal study of women\u2019s memories of their childbirth experiences at five years postpartum","volume":"14","author":"K Takehara","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332891.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20798","article-title":"An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)\/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic floor dysfunction","volume":"29","author":"BT Haylen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332891.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-016-3140-3","article-title":"An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)\/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female anorectal dysfunction","volume":"28","author":"AH Sultan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0332891.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23508","article-title":"An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)\/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for the assessment of sexual health of women with pelvic floor dysfunction","volume":"37","author":"RG Rogers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"pone.0332891.ref048","volume-title":"Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales","author":"S Lovibond","year":"1995"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0332891.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00075-U","article-title":"The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories","volume":"33","author":"PF Lovibond","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"pone.0332891.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1348\/014466505X29657","article-title":"The short-form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample","volume":"44","author":"JD Henry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0332891.ref051","unstructured":"Woodall A, Driscoll AK. NCHS Data Brief: Racial and Ethnic Differences in Mortality Rates of Infants Born to Teen Mothers: United States, 2017-2018. 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/databriefs\/db371-h.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0332891.ref052","unstructured":"HSE. BMI Chart (Kgs\/m2) for use with the Weight Management Treatment Algorithm. Health Service Executive; Available: https:\/\/www.hse.ie\/eng\/services\/list\/2\/primarycare\/east-coast-diabetes-service\/management-of-type-2-diabetes\/lifestyle-management\/healthy-eating-advice\/bmi-chart.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0332891.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-021-06134-3","article-title":"Natural history of urinary incontinence from first childbirth to 30-months postpartum","volume":"304","author":"K Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332891.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24785","article-title":"Is there an association between parity and urinary incontinence in women during pregnancy and the first year postpartum?: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"F Wuytack","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0332891.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-018-3656-9","article-title":"Multiparity, age and overweight\/obesity as risk factors for urinary incontinence in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"L Barbosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0332891.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2005.00818.x","article-title":"Persistent urinary incontinence and delivery mode history: a six-year longitudinal study","volume":"113","author":"C MacArthur","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"pone.0332891.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13522","article-title":"Frequency, severity and risk factors for urinary and faecal incontinence at 4 years postpartum: a prospective cohort","volume":"123","author":"D Gartland","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0332891.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-020-04234-3","article-title":"The impact of mode of subsequent birth after obstetric anal sphincter injury on bowel function and related quality of life: a cohort study","volume":"31","author":"SS Webb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0332891.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12039","article-title":"Faecal incontinence persisting after childbirth: a 12 year longitudinal study","volume":"120","author":"C MacArthur","year":"2013","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0332891.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003954","article-title":"Prevalence and Factors Associated with Pelvic Girdle Pain During Pregnancy in Australian Women: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"46","author":"D Ceprnja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332891.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-03442-5","article-title":"Risk factors for pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain: a scoping review","volume":"20","author":"F Wuytack","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"pone.0332891.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2020.102154","article-title":"Risk factors for pelvic girdle pain postpartum and pregnancy related low back pain postpartum; a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"M Wiezer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Sci Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0332891.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2019.1640191","article-title":"A comparison of sexual function in primiparous and multiparous women","volume":"40","author":"M Banaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0332891.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-2011.2004.tb04437.x","article-title":"Postpartum sexual functioning and method of delivery: summary of the evidence","volume":"49","author":"TL Hicks","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Midwifery Womens Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0332891.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000207677.03235.76","article-title":"Effect of parity on sexual function: an identical twin study","volume":"107","author":"SM Botros","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"pone.0332891.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2021.103196","article-title":"Sexual health issues postpartum-A mixed methods study of women\u2019s help-seeking behavior after the birth of their first baby","volume":"104","author":"D O\u2019Malley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0332891.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.12193","article-title":"Consultation about Sexual Health Issues in the Year after Childbirth: A Cohort Study","volume":"42","author":"E McDonald","year":"2015","journal-title":"Birth"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0332891.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1111\/jmwh.12068","article-title":"Predictors of postpartum sexual activity and function in a diverse population of women","volume":"58","author":"LM Yee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Midwifery Womens Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332891.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11763","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47881-3","article-title":"Relationship between parity and the problems that appear in the postpartum period","volume":"9","author":"JM Mart\u00ednez-Galiano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0332891.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340600697652","article-title":"Depression and anxiety during pregnancy and six months postpartum: a follow-up study","volume":"85","author":"L Andersson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0332891.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.07.054","article-title":"The onset of postpartum depression: Implications for clinical screening in obstetrical and primary care","volume":"192","author":"ZN Stowe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332891.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2003.08.004","article-title":"The course of anxiety and depression through pregnancy and the postpartum in a community sample","volume":"80","author":"J Heron","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0332891.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2001.080003251.x","article-title":"Prevalence of depressive symptoms in late pregnancy and postpartum","volume":"80","author":"A Josefsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0332891.ref074","first-page":"1318","article-title":"Postnatal depression and sexual health after childbirth","volume":"102","author":"D Morof","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"pone.0332891.ref075","article-title":"Women waiting until they are older to have babies","author":"M McGlynn","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Irish Examiner"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0332891.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-019-0779-8","article-title":"Evaluating selection bias in a population-based cohort study with low baseline participation: the LIFE-Adult-Study","volume":"19","author":"C Enzenbach","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"25","key":"pone.0332891.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9014","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2021.2011854","article-title":"Maternal characteristics and pregnancy outcomes in the NICE birth cohort: an assessment of self-selection bias","volume":"35","author":"LE \u00d6gge","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0332891.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/00324728.2021.1939406","article-title":"Employment uncertainty and fertility intentions: Stability or resilience?","volume":"76","author":"A Gatta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Popul Stud (Camb)"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0332891.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/jomf.12011","article-title":"Perceived Economic Uncertainty and Fertility: Evidence From a Labor Market Reform","volume":"75","author":"B Hofmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J of Marriage and Family"},{"key":"pone.0332891.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12469","article-title":"A framework for healthcare interventions to address maternal morbidity","author":"T Firoz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0332891","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T17:22:11Z","timestamp":1761153731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0332891"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ahmed Mohamed","family":"Maged","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0332891","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]}}}