{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:20:18Z","timestamp":1775694018903,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Radiation and ablation therapy are used to treat stage I non-small cell lung cancer. However, the local control and survival rates remain unsatisfactory for tumors \u22652\u2009cm. Therefore, this study explored the effectiveness of combination therapy of stereotactic body radiation plus cryoablation in this patient population.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This retrospective observational study included patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer \u22652\u2009cm who underwent stereotactic body radiation therapy followed by cryoablation between 2015 and 2023. All tumors were pathologically diagnosed before treatment. Patients received stereotactic body radiation therapy (40\u201360 Gy\/4\u201310 fractions, median biological effective dose: 100 Gy), followed by cryoablation using liquid nitrogen within 3 weeks of radiation therapy. Study outcomes included local control and survival rates, as well as adverse events.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Sixty-four patients were included in the study. The mean tumor diameter was 2.7\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5 (range, 2.0\u20134.0) cm. The median follow-up duration was 74 (range, 3\u2013111) months. Five patients (8%) experienced local recurrence after treatment (range: 8\u201361 months). The 5-year local control and overall survival rates were 93% and 74%, respectively. No patient experienced treatment-related mortality. The most frequent complication was post-cryoablation pneumothorax (40%), with a median drainage period of 2 days. Five patients (8%) experienced radiation pneumonitis; four patients had grade 2 severity and one had grade 3 severity, but all these patients recovered without sequelae.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Combination therapy with stereotactic body radiation therapy followed by cryoablation is a feasible and favorable treatment for stage I non-small cell lung cancer with tumors \u22652\u2009cm.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0332893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T17:28:23Z","timestamp":1759944503000},"page":"e0332893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Long-term outcomes of combination therapy with stereotactic body radiation therapy plus cryoablation using liquid nitrogen for stage I non-small cell lung cancer with tumors \u22652 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