{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T04:01:37Z","timestamp":1792123297914,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00c3\u00a5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VR2018-00845"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VR2018-00845"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Region Stockholm","award":["20180606"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20180606"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018713","name":"Center for Innovative Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FoUI-975210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FoUI-975210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008737","name":"Stiftelsen Professor Lars-Erik Gelins Minnesfond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008737","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cell therapy can be utilized to induce operational tolerance following solid organ transplantation. In thi study, donor-specific immunomodulatory cells (DSIMC) are generated by co-culturing recipient peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with irradiated donor PBMC in the presence of belatacept, a CTLA-4-IgG1 fusion protein. DSIMC promote a regulatory response to donor cells. Reinfusion of these cells into the recipient may induce donor-specific tolerance, enabling weaning or complete cessation of immunosuppression (IS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to determine optimal culture conditions for DSIMC production.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DSIMC were generated by culturing PBMCs from healthy volunteers with irradiated allogeneic PBMC and belatacept. We evaluated the choice of medium, plasma supplementation, costimulation blocker concentration, and red blood cell (RBC) lysis,\u00a0using automated cell counts, cytokine assays, PCR, and flow cytometry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increasing belatacept concentration (0-80 \u03bcg per million cells) resulted in a significant reduction in PD-1 expression in regulatory T cells. RBC lysis reduced inflammatory cytokine production and improved DSIMC generation, as indicated by increased IL-10 and decreased IFN-\u03b3 production. Between culture days 9-14, the total cell yield and IFN-\u03b3-producing cell numbers declined, while IL-10-producing cell numbers increased.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Treating responder and irradiated stimulator PBMC with RBC lysis buffer before co-culture\u00a0in TexMACS medium supplemented with 1% autologous plasma and 40 \u03bcg belatacept per million cells for 14 days produces DSIMC which meet established quality criteria. The protocol is currently currently under evaluation in a clinical study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0333356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T18:27:25Z","timestamp":1762540045000},"page":"e0333356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Optimizing the in vitro production of immunomodulatory cells for the induction of tolerance in solid organ 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