{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:31:02Z","timestamp":1792099862643,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Emergence agitation remains a problem that occurs in pediatric anesthesia. As cleft surgeries constitute one of the most common craniofacial surgeries encountered, majority of the children receive general anesthesia using high dose opioids and inhalation anesthetics and experience emergence agitation. Dexmedetomidine (DEX), an alpha-2 adrenoreceptor agonist possesses anxiolytic, sedative and analgetic properties and have been documented to reduce the incidence of postoperative agitation. Hence, this study aims to compare the incidence of emergence agitation between the use of intravenous DEX versus Sevoflurane (SEVO) anesthesia.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study selected one hundred twenty-one patients ages 3 months to 10 years with ASA 1 and 2 physical status scheduled to undergo elective cleft lip or cleft palate repair with general anesthesia. Before surgery, all patients were assessed preoperatively and subjects were divided into two groups using a computer-generated randomizer with 59 subjects selected as Dexmedetomidine group; and 62 subjects as Sevoflurane group. Extubation time, recovery time and emergence agitation scale were compared between the two groups.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study found no significant difference in the extubation time between DEX and SEVO group (p\u2009=\u20090.317). The recovery time or time to attain full consciousness was statistically longer in the DEX group: 60 minutes as compared to 52 minutes in the SEVO group (p\u2009=\u20090.007). Emergence agitation assessed using Cravero score found that subjects from DEX group had an average Cravero score of 2.5; while SEVO group had an average Cravero score of 3.9 (p =\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The incidence of agitation was significantly higher in the SEVO group compared to the DEX group: 82% as compared to 10% (p =\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) with an OR of 40.955 CI 95% (14.098\u2013118.9).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Dexmedetomidine significantly reduces the incidence of emergence agitation without prolonging extubation time in pediatric patients undergoing cleft lip and cleft palate surgery.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0333576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T17:45:57Z","timestamp":1759945557000},"page":"e0333576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Emergence agitation in pediatrics after dexmedetomidine vs. sevoflurane anesthesia: A randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1351-6490","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Corry Quando","family":"Yahya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hori","family":"Hariyanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kohar Hari","family":"Santoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucky","family":"Andriyanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arie","family":"Utariani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bambang Pujo","family":"Semedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizeus","family":"Hanindito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yantoko Azis","family":"Priyadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0333576.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-022-00498-y","article-title":"Best Evidence-Based Dosing Recommendations for Dexmedetomidine for Premedication and Procedural Sedation in Pediatrics: Outcome of a Risk-Benefit Analysis By the Dutch Pediatric Formulary","volume":"24","author":"JJM Freriksen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Paediatr Drugs"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0333576.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1177\/10600280211009845","article-title":"The Safety and Efficacy Evaluation of Dexmedetomidine for Procedural Sedation and Postoperative Behaviors in Pediatric Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"L Gan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"pone.0333576.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21514593221080279","DOI":"10.1177\/21514593221080279","article-title":"Management of Severe Scoliosis with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Single-Center Retrospective Case Series Study","volume":"13","author":"Q Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geriatr Orthop Surg Rehabil"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0333576.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-017-0507-7","article-title":"Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Dexmedetomidine","volume":"56","author":"MAS Weerink","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"pone.0333576.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043956","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1043956","article-title":"A comprehensive overview of clinical research on dexmedetomidine in the past 2 decades: A bibliometric analysis","volume":"14","author":"H Kong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. 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