{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T19:42:28Z","timestamp":1764013348100,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000038","name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neurologic or immune-mediated conditions have been evaluated as potential adverse events (AEs) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine safety surveillance. To contextualize United States (US) surveillance findings, it is important to quantify the association of AEs with COVID-19 diagnoses among US adults before the introduction of COVID-19 vaccines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cohort and self-controlled risk interval (SCRI) designs were used in 2 US administrative claims data sources\u2014Merative\u2122 MarketScan\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      Commercial Database (ages 18\u221264 years) and Medicare fee-for-service data (ages\u2009\u2265\u200965 years). AEs included Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS), Bell\u2019s palsy, encephalitis\/encephalomyelitis, narcolepsy, immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), and transverse myelitis. The cohort (study period, 1 April 2020\u221210 December 2020) included adults with COVID-19 diagnoses and matched comparators. Inverse probability of treatment-weighted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. The SCRI (study period, 1 June 2020\u221210 December 2020) identified the AEs in risk windows after COVID-19 diagnosis and pre- and postexposure reference windows. Relative incidences (RIs) and 95% CIs were estimated with seasonality-adjusted conditional Poisson regression models accounting for outcome-dependent observation windows.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study observed a consistent association between COVID-19 diagnosis and GBS: MarketScan HR\u2009=\u20099.57 (95% CI, 1.23\u201374.74), RI\u2009=\u20098.53 (95% CI, 2.45\u201329.7); Medicare HR\u2009=\u20091.97 (95% CI, 1.04\u20133.74), RI\u2009=\u20094.63 (95% CI, 1.78\u201312.01). For ITP, the association was weaker, but still consistently elevated: MarketScan HR\u2009=\u20092.06 (95% CI, 1.20\u20133.53), RI\u2009=\u20091.74 (95% CI, 1.01\u20133.00); Medicare HR\u2009=\u20091.36 (95% CI, 1.18\u20131.57), RI\u2009=\u20091.91 (95% CI, 1.60\u20132.28). For all remaining AEs, there was not consistent evidence of an association with COVID-19, with estimates that were generally modest, imprecise, or varying by study design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>COVID-19 diagnoses were associated with an increased risk of GBS and ITP in both data sources and study designs. Increased risks of other neurologic\/immune-mediated AEs cannot be ruled out.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0333704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T18:24:50Z","timestamp":1764008690000},"page":"e0333704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk of neurologic or immune-mediated adverse events after COVID-19 diagnosis in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Shelby S.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arnstein","family":"Lindaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stella G.","family":"Muthuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia C.","family":"Lloyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joann F.","family":"Gruber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morgan M.","family":"Richey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela S.","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa S.","family":"Kowarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mollie M.","family":"McKillop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tainya C.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Beers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7973-7803","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Timothy","family":"Burrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pablo Freyria","family":"Duenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yangping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minya","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Forshee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven A.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoganand","family":"Chillarige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5201-1794","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mary S.","family":"Anthony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Azadeh","family":"Shoaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0994-5820","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"J. Bradley","family":"Layton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0333704.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001080","article-title":"Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis and Acute Hemorrhagic Leukoencephalitis Following COVID-19: Systematic Review and Meta-synthesis","volume":"8","author":"GS Manzano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0333704.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2023.101814","article-title":"Concurrent Cardio-Cerebral Infarctions in COVID-19: A Systematic Review of Published Case Reports\/Series","volume":"48","author":"R Desai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Probl Cardiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0333704.ref003","article-title":"Concomitant Guillain-Barre Syndrome and COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis of Cases","volume":"58","author":"SA Bentley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"pone.0333704.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102592","article-title":"The JANUS of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases onset during COVID-19 - A systematic review of the literature","volume":"117","author":"L Novelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"pone.0333704.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2022.100578","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome associated with COVID-19: A systematic review","volume":"28","author":"V Pimentel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0333704.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.887","article-title":"Facial palsy as a manifestation of COVID-19: A systematic review of cases","volume":"5","author":"A Khurshid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0333704.ref007","article-title":"Bell\u2019s Palsy as a Late Neurologic Manifestation of COVID-19 Infection","volume":"13","author":"IO Oke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0333704.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.08.020","article-title":"Infections of the Nervous System","volume":"131","author":"SN Levin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0333704.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3230","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14952","article-title":"Systematic review of cases of acute myelitis in individuals with COVID-19","volume":"28","author":"EC Schulte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0333704.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14913","article-title":"Encephalitis as a neurological complication of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence, outcomes, and predictors","volume":"28","author":"I Siow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0333704.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57050418","article-title":"Long COVID and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis\/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME\/CFS)-A Systemic Review and Comparison of Clinical Presentation and Symptomatology","volume":"57","author":"TL Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0333704.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.7370","article-title":"Narcolepsy following COVID-19: A case report and review of potential mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Y Roya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Case Rep"},{"key":"pone.0333704.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.03.022","article-title":"Thrombocytopenia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections: A meta-analysis","volume":"506","author":"G Lippi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0333704.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2110475","article-title":"Safety of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine in a Nationwide Setting","volume":"385","author":"N Barda","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"35","key":"pone.0333704.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7035e5","article-title":"Association between COVID-19 and myocarditis using hospital-based administrative data - United States, March 2020-January 2021","volume":"70","author":"TK Boehmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"10300","key":"pone.0333704.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00896-5","article-title":"Risk of acute myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke following COVID-19 in Sweden: a self-controlled case series and matched cohort study","volume":"398","author":"I Katsoularis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0333704.ref017","article-title":"COVID-19 Infection and Incidence of Myocarditis: A Multi-Site Population-Based Propensity Score-Matched Analysis","volume":"14","author":"S Priyadarshni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"pone.0333704.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab338","article-title":"Late conditions diagnosed 1-4 months following an initial coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) encounter: A matched-cohort study using inpatient and outpatient administrative data-United States, 1 March-30 June 2020","volume":"73","author":"JR Chevinsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0333704.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050809","article-title":"Acute COVID-19 and the Incidence of Ischemic Stroke and Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"142","author":"D Modin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0333704.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000013184","article-title":"COVID-19 and risk of acute ischemic stroke among Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years or older: self-controlled case series study","volume":"98","author":"Q Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0333704.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2021.07.002","article-title":"Thromboembolic Risk in Hospitalized and Nonhospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Self-Controlled Case Series Analysis of a Nationwide Cohort","volume":"96","author":"FK Ho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"pone.0333704.ref022","volume-title":"Evaluating the Risk of Adverse Events After COVID-19 Diagnosis: Protocol","author":"CBER Surveillance Program","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0333704.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.11.003","article-title":"Background rates of adverse events of special interest for COVID-19 vaccine safety monitoring in the United States, 2019-2020","volume":"41","author":"K Moll","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"45","key":"pone.0333704.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.09.060","article-title":"Near real-time surveillance of safety outcomes in US COVID-19 vaccine recipients aged 12 to 64 years","volume":"40","author":"PC Lloyd","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0333704.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2023.1440","article-title":"Safety of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine in Children Aged 5 to 17 Years","volume":"177","author":"M Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0333704.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.11.069","article-title":"Surveillance of COVID-19 vaccine safety among elderly persons aged 65 years and older","volume":"41","author":"HL Wong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"25","key":"pone.0333704.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3697","article-title":"Balance diagnostics for comparing the distribution of baseline covariates between treatment groups in propensity-score matched samples","volume":"28","author":"PC Austin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0333704.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000359","article-title":"Propensity score methods for confounding control in nonexperimental research","volume":"6","author":"MA Brookhart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0333704.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj149","article-title":"Variable selection for propensity score models","volume":"163","author":"MA Brookhart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0333704.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2003.10.004","article-title":"Adjusted survival curves with inverse probability weights","volume":"75","author":"SR Cole","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"issue":"30","key":"pone.0333704.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5642","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7084","article-title":"Variance estimation when using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) with survival analysis","volume":"35","author":"PC Austin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"pone.0333704.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3386\/w27621","volume-title":"Effects of state COVID-19 closure policy on non-COVID-19 health care utilization","author":"E Ziedan","year":"2020"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0333704.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.24984","article-title":"Changes in health services use among commercially insured US populations during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"3","author":"CM Whaley","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"pone.0333704.ref034","volume-title":"Background rates of adverse events of special interest for COVID-19 vaccine safety monitoring","author":"CBER Surveillance Program","year":"2021"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0333704.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu322","article-title":"A vaccine study design selection framework for the postlicensure rapid immunization safety monitoring program","volume":"181","author":"MA Baker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0333704.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.2307\/2533328","article-title":"Relative incidence estimation from case series for vaccine safety evaluation","volume":"51","author":"CP Farrington","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"pone.0333704.ref037","article-title":"Self controlled case series methods: an alternative to standard epidemiological study designs","volume":"354","author":"I Petersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"27","key":"pone.0333704.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6197","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.9179","article-title":"Avoiding bias in self-controlled case series studies of coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"40","author":"O Fonseca-Rodriguez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"494","key":"pone.0333704.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1198\/jasa.2011.ap10108","article-title":"Self-Controlled Case Series Analysis With Event-Dependent Observation Periods","volume":"106","author":"CP Farrington","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0333704.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1303164","article-title":"Intussusception risk after rotavirus vaccination in U.S. infants","volume":"370","author":"WK Yih","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0333704.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-021-02610-4","article-title":"Self-controlled assessment of thromboembolic event (TEE) risk following intravenous immune globulin (IGIV) in the U.S. (2006-2012)","volume":"53","author":"EM Ammann","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Thromb Thrombolysis"},{"key":"pone.0333704.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2021.577577","article-title":"Association of Guillain-Barre syndrome with COVID-19 infection: An updated systematic review","volume":"355","author":"AB Sheikh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"pone.0333704.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15987.2","article-title":"COVID-19 and Guillain-Barre Syndrome: a systematic review of case reports","volume":"5","author":"RM Carrillo-Larco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"pone.0333704.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.117263","article-title":"Guillain Barre Syndrome and its variants as a manifestation of COVID-19: A systematic review of case reports and case series","volume":"420","author":"S Sriwastava","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0333704.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1007\/s42399-020-00521-8","article-title":"Immune Thrombocytopenia Secondary to COVID-19: a Systematic Review","volume":"2","author":"S Bhattacharjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Compr Clin Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0333704.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/17474086.2022.2029699","article-title":"COVID-19 associated with immune thrombocytopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"MG Alharbi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev Hematol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0333704.ref047","article-title":"The Prognostic Value of Thrombocytopenia in COVID-19 Patients; a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"8","author":"D Bashash","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Acad Emerg Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0333704.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15371","article-title":"Surge of Bell\u2019s Palsy in the era of COVID-19: Systematic review","volume":"29","author":"S Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0333704.ref049","article-title":"Association between covid-19 vaccination, SARS-CoV-2 infection, and risk of immune mediated neurological events: population based cohort and self-controlled case series analysis","volume":"376","author":"X Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pone.0333704.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2021.06.016","article-title":"A systematic review of Bell\u2019s Palsy as the only major neurological manifestation in COVID-19 patients","volume":"90","author":"S Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0333704.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.30333","article-title":"Facial nerve paralysis and COVID-19: a systematic review","volume":"133","author":"A Namavarian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"pone.0333704.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2021.577674","article-title":"Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and COVID-19: A systematic synthesis of worldwide cases","volume":"359","author":"L Zelada-Rios","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0333704.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26207","article-title":"Encephalopathy in patients with COVID-19: A review","volume":"93","author":"RK Garg","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"pone.0333704.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120463","article-title":"Transverse myelitis following COVID-19: Insights from a multi-center study and systematic literature review","volume":"443","author":"I Adamec","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0333704.ref055","article-title":"Evidence of Post-COVID-19 Transverse Myelitis Demyelination","volume":"13","author":"S Kara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"32","key":"pone.0333704.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.06.014","article-title":"Evaluation of potential adverse events following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination among adults aged 65 years and older: Two self-controlled studies in the U.S","volume":"41","author":"A Shoaibi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0333704","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T18:24:57Z","timestamp":1764008697000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0333704"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Kuo-Cherh","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0333704","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]}}}