{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T17:55:30Z","timestamp":1781546130442,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Original BioMedicals Co., Ltd.","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Fire smoke inhalation represents a major cause of acute mortality in fire incidents, with hydrogen cyanide being a critical contributor to rapid systemic toxicity. This study aimed to establish a controlled smoke inhalation model to characterize cyanide-dominant exposure and to evaluate the prophylactic efficacy of a nebulized antidote combination under acute conditions. A reproducible smoke chamber system was developed to generate cyanide-rich toxic atmospheres. C57BL\/6 mice were exposed to controlled cyanide concentrations, followed by prophylactic administration of a nebulized formulation containing hydroxocobalamin and deferoxamine. Survival outcomes were assessed to evaluate the protective effects of the intervention. Controlled cyanide exposure resulted in rapid and dose-dependent lethality. Prophylactic inhalation of the nebulized antidote significantly improved short-term survival compared with untreated controls (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), consistent with effective mitigation of cyanide toxicity. In conclusion, this study establishes a reproducible cyanide-focused smoke inhalation model and provides experimental evidence supporting the potential of aerosolized hydroxocobalamin-based prophylaxis as an immediate protective strategy during fire smoke exposure. These findings support the feasibility of rapid, non-invasive intervention aimed at preserving a critical time window for escape and subsequent medical treatment in fire-related emergencies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0333779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T17:27:11Z","timestamp":1781544431000},"page":"e0333779","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advancements in fire-related toxic gas detection and prophylactic strategies: A focus on cyanide concentration analysis and antidote efficacy in controlled smoke inhalation models"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jowy","family":"Tani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1416-2468","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jia-Long","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Chuan","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Hung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chau-Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzu-hui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0798-5028","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yow-Ling","family":"Shiue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Wu","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0333779.ref001","first-page":"23","article-title":"Wildfire smoke exposure, human health, and environmental justice: Integrating forest management and public health","volume":"76","author":"C Black","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Policy"},{"key":"pone.0333779.ref002","first-page":"45","article-title":"Impact of rising temperatures on wildfire occurrences","volume":"167","author":"T Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Climatic Change"},{"key":"pone.0333779.ref003","unstructured":"International Association of F, Rescue S. 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