{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T15:25:38Z","timestamp":1781796338525,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Consejo Superior de Deportes","award":["99784\u2013SYNCPROJECT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["99784\u2013SYNCPROJECT"]}]},{"name":"Consejo Superior de Deportes","award":["001\/UPB10\/11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001\/UPB10\/11"]}]},{"name":"Institut Catal\u00c3\u00a0 de les Dones","award":["U-34\/10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U-34\/10"]}]},{"name":"Institut Nacional d'Educaci\u00c3\u00b3 F\u00c3sica de Catalunya","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Artistic swimming combines prolonged breath-hold periods with high-intensity movements, resulting in unique physiological demands. Direct measurement of key variables such as oxygen uptake (VO\u2082) during routines is limited by frequent immersion. However, VO\u2082 monitoring is essential for understanding the balance between aerobic and anaerobic energy contributions, guiding training strategies and reducing injury risk. This study aimed to analyze the acute physiological responses, VO\u2082, blood lactate concentration, and heart rate, during free duet routines in elite artistic swimmers, using a segmented protocol that emphasized the two longest apneas. Sixteen elite artistic swimmers performed both complete and segmented versions of the routine. VO\u2082 was estimated using retro-extrapolation, while lactate was measured after each phase, and heart rate was continuously monitored. The protocol included six measurement points: pre-routine, pre- and post-apnea 1 and 2, and post-routine. VO\u2082 increased rapidly, reaching nearly 90% of VO\u2082 peak within 67 seconds (mean: 61.8\u2009\u00b1\u200915.1 mL\u00b7min\u2009\u207b\u2009\u00b9\u00b7kg\u2009\u207b\u2009\u00b9). Blood lactate concentration rose progressively, peaking at 5.93\u2009\u00b1\u20091.41 mmol\u00b7L\u2009\u207b\u2009\u00b9. Heart rate exhibited large fluctuations, with a maximum of 203.8\u2009\u00b1\u20095.0 beats\u00b7min\u2009\u207b\u2009\u00b9 and a minimum of 71.9\u2009\u00b1\u200916.6 beats\u00b7min\u2009\u207b\u2009\u00b9, reflecting a bradycardic response during apneas. No significant changes were observed in VO\u2082 or lactate between pre- and post-apnea values, as measured around the two longest apneas within the routine. These findings suggest that, under the specific conditions of this study, short-duration apneas (&lt; 20\u2009s) may be insufficient on their own to elicit distinct physiological shifts. However, the progressive increases observed in blood lactate and heart rate throughout the full routine suggest that the overall physiological load may be influenced more by sustained exercise intensity and the cumulative effect of repeated apneas than by isolated breath-hold events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0333791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T17:26:58Z","timestamp":1759858018000},"page":"e0333791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Physiological responses to full and segmented duet routines in elite artistic swimmers"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6813-6527","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xavier","family":"Iglesias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Zamora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Carrasco-Marginet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Irurtia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferran A.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9169-5851","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ignacio","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Jarillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Chaverri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0333791.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-019-0190-3","article-title":"A physiological overview of the demands, characteristics, and adaptations of highly trained artistic swimmers: a literature review","volume":"5","author":"E Viana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med Open"},{"key":"pone.0333791.ref002","unstructured":"World Aquatics. 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