{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:13:46Z","timestamp":1785370426229,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018707","name":"HORIZON EUROPE Reforming and enhancing the European Research and Innovation system","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101000213"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101000213"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018707","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001604","name":"Teagasc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020227"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001604","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the peri- and early post-partum period, the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of the calf is colonised by a diverse microbiota. In the colon, this microbial community contributes to digestive activities, immune modulation, and overall calf health and productivity. However, the current knowledge of temporal microbial establishment in the neonatal hindgut is limited. This study focused on the ontogeny of colon microbiota establishment in Aberdeen Angus cross beef calves located across two farms, from birth through to post-weaning. Colon digesta samples were obtained from calves euthanised on days D0 (n\u2009=\u20097), D7 (n\u2009=\u20097), D14 (n\u2009=\u20095), D21 (n\u2009=\u20097), D28 (n\u2009=\u20095), and D96 (n\u2009=\u20097) of life. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was used to determine prokaryotic community composition. The alpha (\u03b1) and beta (\u03b2) diversity were assessed with age and farm included as fixed effects. Bacterial \u03b1-diversity increased significantly with age, showing changes in relative abundance between D7 and later stages, including D21, D28, and D96 (each p\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). PERMANOVA analysis indicated no significant difference in microbial composition between D14 and D21 (P\u2009=\u20090.22), suggesting a period during which compositional changes were reduced, reflecting a temporary phase of relative similarity in the colon microbiota. However, weaning altered the colon microbiota, as evidenced by the differences were observed between D28 and D96 (P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) suggested compositional shifts associated with weaning, accompanied by increased \u03b1-diversity. These observations will help to inform the design of the future, large scale studies aimed at understanding how early life microbial dynamics influence calf health, welfare, and future productive performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0334261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T17:23:35Z","timestamp":1761672215000},"page":"e0334261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Temporal establishment of the colon microbiota in Angus calves from birth to post-weaning"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8176-8569","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michelle M.","family":"Stafford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul E.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sinead M.","family":"Waters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"McLoughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7836-1584","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stuart F.","family":"Kirwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eoin","family":"O\u2019Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Kenny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0334261.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2021.03.004","article-title":"Gut microbiome colonization and development in neonatal ruminants: Strategies, prospects, and opportunities","volume":"7","author":"MA Arshad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0334261.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-015-1201-6","article-title":"Microbial community profiles of the colon from steers differing in feed efficiency","volume":"4","author":"PR Myer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"pone.0334261.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701511","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.701511","article-title":"Gut Microbiota and Their Role in Health and Metabolic Disease of Dairy Cow","volume":"8","author":"Q Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0334261.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2021.100316","article-title":"Review: The development of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota and intervention in neonatal ruminants","volume":"15","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"pone.0334261.ref005","first-page":"9","article-title":"\u03b2-Defensins: Farming the Microbiome for Homeostasis and Health","author":"KG Meade","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0334261.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01760-w","article-title":"Multi-omics reveal mechanisms of high enteral starch diet mediated colonic dysbiosis via microbiome-host interactions in young ruminant","volume":"12","author":"C Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0334261.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2019.07.005","article-title":"Colostrum Management for Dairy Calves","volume":"35","author":"SM Godden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0334261.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13111740","article-title":"Factors Associated with Colostrum Quality, the Failure of Transfer of Passive Immunity, and the Impact on Calf Health in the First Three Weeks of Life","volume":"13","author":"K Lichtmannsperger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0334261.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12060755","article-title":"Maternal Impact on Serum Immunoglobulin and Total Protein Concentration in Dairy Calves","volume":"12","author":"M Immler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0334261.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150452","article-title":"Failure of Passive Immune Transfer in Calves: A Meta-Analysis on the Consequences and Assessment of the Economic Impact","volume":"11","author":"D Raboisson","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0334261.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15030361","article-title":"Stochasticity Highlights the Development of Both the Gastrointestinal and Upper-Respiratory-Tract Microbiomes of Neonatal Dairy Calves in Early Life","volume":"15","author":"AN Frazier","year":"2025","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0334261.ref012","article-title":"Varied microbial community assembly and specialization patterns driven by early life microbiome perturbation and modulation in young ruminants","volume":"4","author":"Z Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"ISME Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0334261.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15652-8","article-title":"Stochasticity constrained by deterministic effects of diet and age drive rumen microbiome assembly dynamics","volume":"11","author":"O Furman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pone.0334261.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.626421","article-title":"The Composition of the Microbiota in the Full-Term Fetal Gut and Amniotic Fluid: A Bovine Cesarean Section Study","volume":"12","author":"A Husso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0334261.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-23-0078","article-title":"The dogma of the sterile uterus revisited: does microbial seeding occur during fetal life in humans and animals?","volume":"167","author":"P Banchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"pone.0334261.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771832","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.771832","article-title":"Characterization of the Microbiota Associated With 12-Week-Old Bovine Fetuses Exposed to Divergent in utero Nutrition","volume":"12","author":"S Amat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"7945","key":"pone.0334261.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05546-8","article-title":"Questioning the fetal microbiome illustrates pitfalls of low-biomass microbial studies","volume":"613","author":"KM Kennedy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0334261.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2015.00036","article-title":"The gut microbiome and its potential role in the development and function of newborn calf gastrointestinal tract","volume":"2","author":"N Malmuthuge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0334261.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21264","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77907-0","article-title":"Integrated analyses of the microbiological, immunological and ontological transitions in the calf ileum during early life","volume":"10","author":"T Lyons","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0334261.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.01.035","article-title":"Dynamic progression of the calf\u2019s microbiome and its influence on host health","volume":"19","author":"N Amin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"key":"pone.0334261.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2017.09.012","article-title":"Gastrointestinal functionality in animal nutrition and health: New opportunities for sustainable animal production","volume":"234","author":"P Celi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Animal Feed Sci Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0334261.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2017.08.001","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Enteritis in Neonatal and Juvenile Ruminants","volume":"34","author":"MC Heller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"pone.0334261.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2018.07.014","article-title":"An observational study on passive immunity in Irish suckler beef and dairy calves: Tests for failure of passive transfer of immunity and associations with health and performance","volume":"159","author":"CG Todd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0334261.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7008","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19791","article-title":"Effect of preweaning disease on the reproductive performance and first-lactation milk production of heifers in a large dairy herd","volume":"104","author":"A Abuelo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0334261.ref025","article-title":"Investigating temporal microbial dynamics in the rumen of beef calves raised on two farms during early life","volume":"96","author":"E O\u2019Hara","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0334261.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2018.12.006","article-title":"Effects and immune responses of probiotic treatment in ruminants","volume":"208","author":"S Raabis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0334261.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1310-2","article-title":"Birth delivery method affects expression of immune genes in lung and jejunum tissue of neonatal beef calves","volume":"13","author":"C Surlis","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"pone.0334261.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1359611","article-title":"Health-associated changes of the fecal microbiota in dairy heifer calves during the pre-weaning period","volume":"15","author":"S Scully","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0334261.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01614","article-title":"Replacing Barley and Soybean Meal With By-products, in a Pasture Based Diet, Alters Daily Methane Output and the Rumen Microbial Community in vitro Using the Rumen Simulation Technique (RUSITEC)","volume":"11","author":"PE Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0334261.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.855565","article-title":"Differences in the composition of the rumen microbiota of finishing beef cattle divergently ranked for residual methane emissions","volume":"13","author":"PE Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0334261.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9317","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66028-3","article-title":"Sward type alters the relative abundance of members of the rumen microbial ecosystem in dairy cows","volume":"10","author":"PE Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0334261.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4516","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000080107","article-title":"Global patterns of 16S rRNA diversity at a depth of millions of sequences per sample","author":"JG Caporaso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pone.0334261.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.08.050","article-title":"Recovery of microbial community profile information hidden in chimeric sequence reads","volume":"19","author":"M Ho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0334261.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data","volume":"13","author":"BJ Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"pone.0334261.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606825","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.606825","article-title":"Synthetic Sequencing Standards: A Guide to Database Choice for Rumen Microbiota Amplicon Sequencing Analysis","volume":"11","author":"PE Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0334261.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01790-16","article-title":"Identification of Escherichia coli and Shigella Species from Whole-Genome Sequences","volume":"55","author":"MA Chattaway","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0334261.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061217","article-title":"phyloseq: an R package for reproducible interactive analysis and graphics of microbiome census data","volume":"8","author":"PJ McMurdie","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0334261.ref038","unstructured":"Lahti L, Shetty S. Tools for microbiome analysis in R Bioconductor; open source software for bio-informatics. http:\/\/microbiome.github.com\/microbiome 2017."},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0334261.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009442","article-title":"Multivariable association discovery in population-scale meta-omics studies","volume":"17","author":"H Mallick","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0334261.ref040","article-title":"Shift of hindgut microbiota and microbial short chain fatty acids profiles in dairy calves from birth to pre-weaning","volume":"94","author":"Y Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0334261.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00582","article-title":"Development of ruminal and fecal microbiomes are affected by weaning but not weaning strategy in dairy calves","volume":"7","author":"SJ Meale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0334261.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00223-7","article-title":"Weaning age influences the severity of gastrointestinal microbiome shifts in dairy calves","volume":"7","author":"SJ Meale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0334261.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9703","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11007","article-title":"Changes in the intestinal bacterial community, short-chain fatty acid profile, and intestinal development of preweaned Holstein calves. 2. Effects of gastrointestinal site and age","volume":"99","author":"JJ Castro","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0334261.ref044","article-title":"Escherichia\/Shigella, SCFAs, and Metabolic Pathways - The Triad That Orchestrates Intestinal Dysbiosis in Patients with Decompensated Alcoholic Cirrhosis from Western Mexico","volume":"10","author":"TA Baltazar-D\u00edaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0334261.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10437","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28733-y","article-title":"The composition of the perinatal intestinal microbiota in cattle","volume":"8","author":"MJ Alipour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0334261.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.20517\/mrr.2023.10","article-title":"Microbial interactions and the homeostasis of the gut microbiome: the role of Bifidobacterium","volume":"2","author":"AJM Martin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiome Res Rep"},{"key":"pone.0334261.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575072","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.575072","article-title":"Microbiota and Cancer: The Emerging Beneficial Role of Bifidobacteria in Cancer Immunotherapy","volume":"11","author":"G Longhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0334261.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-308599.115","article-title":"G116(P)\u2005The human gut is probably sterile at birth","volume":"100","author":"S Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0334261.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01367-z","article-title":"Exploring AI-2-mediated interspecies communications within rumen microbial communities","volume":"10","author":"X Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0334261.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9080490","article-title":"Review of strategies to promote rumen development in calves","volume":"9","author":"Q Diao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0334261.ref051","first-page":"269","article-title":"Postnatal growth and development of the rumen: integrating physiological and molecular insights","volume":"13","author":"B Pokhrel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0334261.ref052","first-page":"1133","article-title":"Manipulating rumen microbiome and fermentation through interventions during early life: a review","volume":"6","author":"DR Y\u00e1\u00f1ez-Ruiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0334261.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10071391","article-title":"Utilizing the gastrointestinal microbiota to modulate cattle health through the microbiome-gut-organ axes","volume":"10","author":"CB Welch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0334261.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4024","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25074024","article-title":"The Profound Influence of Gut Microbiome and Extracellular Vesicles on Animal Health and Disease","volume":"25","author":"M Barathan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0334261.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961644","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.961644","article-title":"Geography, niches, and transportation influence bovine respiratory microbiome and health","volume":"12","author":"J Chai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0334261.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3863","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2023-24002","article-title":"Exploring the effects of transport duration on the fecal microbial communities of surplus dairy calves","volume":"107","author":"PG Vinayamohan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0334261.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151220","article-title":"Oral samples as non-invasive proxies for assessing the composition of the rumen microbial community","volume":"11","author":"I Tapio","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0334261.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13602","article-title":"The gut microbiome-Does stool represent right?","volume":"9","author":"O Levitan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0334261.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5881","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2024-24014","article-title":"The oral microbiome as a proxy for feed intake in dairy cattle","volume":"107","author":"CN Marcos","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"pone.0334261.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02126","article-title":"Efficacy of fecal sampling as a gut proxy in the study of chicken gut microbiota","volume":"10","author":"W Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0334261","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T17:23:46Z","timestamp":1761672226000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0334261"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Brenda A","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0334261","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]}}}