{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T02:17:56Z","timestamp":1790129876726,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s Horizon Europe programme under the Marie Sk\u00c5\u201aodowska-Curie","award":["101106909"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101106909"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BCS 1638525"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCS 1638525"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BCS 2114021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCS 2114021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Elettra Synchrotron","award":["20225142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20225142"]}]},{"name":"UCR Academic Senate","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]},{"name":"NEH","award":["RFW-279331-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RFW-279331-21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Archaeobotanists often come across small, amorphous carbonized objects (ACOs) in their flotation samples. Although their identification remains difficult and requires a range of characterization techniques, the study of ACOs recovered from sites in Europe and the Levant have allowed researchers to reconstruct ancient recipes. However, similar materials from sites in pre-Hispanic Central America have been overlooked, hampering our understanding of their ancient cooking traditions. This article proposes a new pipeline to study such remains through three types of non-destructive imaging techniques: optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and synchrotron radiation-based phase-contrast X-ray computed microtomography (SR micro-CT), key techniques to consider for the imaging of archaeological materials. The approach was developed by establishing a reference collection from modern foods based on traditional ingredients (e.g., maize, manioc) used in the region of interest. This pipeline was then tested on archaeological samples from the ancient site of Teotihuacan (Mexico), which successfully captured the presence of the remains of complex, multi-component food preparations from a feasting context. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time in which the combination of imaging techniques has been used to discriminate between actual food remains, or simply seeds or plant parts in archaeological contexts from Prehispanic Central America. This study allows to shed more light on ancient recipes and culinary traditions and can be applied more broadly to other contexts in Mesoamerica.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0334457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T18:22:04Z","timestamp":1763576524000},"page":"e0334457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Amorphous carbonized objects and their contribution to reconstructing ancient Mesoamerican cuisine: An innovative non-destructive methodological approach"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2010-1437","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Clarissa","family":"Cagnato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5734-6462","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nawa","family":"Sugiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1642-2553","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Bonetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Parisatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5035-7353","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elena","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marko","family":"Prasek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuliana","family":"Tromba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Marcomini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3984-7829","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elena","family":"Badetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0334457.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.23943\/9781400889730","article-title":"Archaeobotany: the archaeology of human\u2013plant interactions.","volume-title":"The science of Roman history: Biology, climate, and the future of the past","author":"Walter Scheidel","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref002","volume-title":"Paleoethnobotany: a handbook of procedures","author":"DM Pearsall","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref003","first-page":"53","article-title":"Selecting quantitative measurements in paleoethnobotany.","volume-title":"Current paleoethnobotany: analytical methods and cultural interpretations of archaeological plant remains","author":"VS. Popper","year":"1988"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref004","author":"CM Scarry","year":"1986","journal-title":"Change in plant procurement and production during the emergence of the Moundville chiefdom. PhD Dissertation, University of Michigan"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref005","first-page":"115","article-title":"Laboratory analysis and identification of plant macroremains.","volume-title":"Method and theory in paleoethnobotany","author":"G Fritz","year":"2014"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0334457.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-4403(02)00203-0","article-title":"Preservation or destruction of plant remains by carbonization?","volume":"30","author":"P Wright","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref007","volume-title":"Farming, hunting, and fishing in the Olmec world","author":"AM VanDerwarker","year":"2006"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0334457.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2021.06.003","article-title":"Archaeology and agriculture: plants, people, and past land-use","volume":"36","author":"A de Vareilles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19944-3_25","article-title":"Collection of Plant Remains from Archaeological Contexts","author":"A Celant","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Microtechniques and Protocols. Springer International Publishing"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0334457.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00334-004-0036-9","article-title":"Early plant domestications in southern India: some preliminary archaeobotanical results","volume":"13","author":"D Fuller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Veget Hist Archaeobot"},{"issue":"258","key":"pone.0334457.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003598X00046184","article-title":"Preliminary investigation of the plant macro-remains from Doln\u00ed V\u011bstonice II, and its implications for the role of plant foods in Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Europe","volume":"68","author":"SLR Mason","year":"1994","journal-title":"Antiquity"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s003340200003","article-title":"New evidence for the use of root foods in pre-agrarian subsistence recovered from the late Mesolithic site at Halsskov, Denmark","volume":"11","author":"L Kubiak-Martens","year":"2002","journal-title":"Veget Hist Archaeobot"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0334457.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s00334-018-0677-8","article-title":"Morphological analysis of Late Pre-Hispanic Peruvian Chenopodium spp","volume":"28","author":"BS Langlie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Veget Hist Archaeobot"},{"issue":"338","key":"pone.0334457.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003598X00049802","article-title":"Plant foods in the Upper Palaeolithic at Doln\u00ed V\u04d7stonice? Parenchyma redux","volume":"87","author":"AJE Pryor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antiquity"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2021.02.026","article-title":"Trees, shrubs, and forests at Joya de Cer\u00e9n, a Late Classic Mesoamerican village","volume":"593","author":"V Slotten","year":"2021","journal-title":"Quater Int"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref016","first-page":"1","article-title":"Applications of Microct Imaging to Archaeobotanical Research","author":"A Barron","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Archaeol Method Theory"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0334457.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15105","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71726-z","article-title":"A correlation analysis of Light Microscopy and X-ray MicroCT imaging methods applied to archaeological plant remains\u2019 morphological attributes visualization","volume":"10","author":"CM Calo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0334457.ref018","first-page":"7","article-title":"Looking beyond the surface: Use of high resolution X-ray computed tomography on archaeobotanical remains","volume":"10","author":"C Murphy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Interdiscipl Archaeol"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpv.2010.07.003","article-title":"The earliest remains of a Citrus fruit from a western Mediterranean archaeological context? A microtomographic-based re-assessment","volume":"9","author":"S Coubray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Palevol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0334457.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4754.2011.00640.x","article-title":"X\u2010Ray sub\u2010micron tomography as a tool for the study of archaeological wood preserved through the corrosion of metal objects","volume":"54","author":"K Haneca","year":"2012","journal-title":"Archaeometry"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0334457.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/arco.5276","article-title":"Identifying archaeological parenchyma in three dimensions: Diagnostic assessment of five important food plant species in the Indo\u2010Pacific region","volume":"57","author":"A Barron","year":"2022","journal-title":"Archaeol Ocean"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0334457.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1007\/s12520-018-0648-0","article-title":"An assessment of microCT technology for the investigation of charred archaeological parenchyma from house sites at Kuk Swamp, Papua New Guinea","volume":"11","author":"J Pritchard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Archaeol Anthropol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref023","first-page":"104553","article-title":"A microCT assessment of archaeological parenchyma from three riverine shell middens dating to the early Holocene, Yongjiang River Basin, Guangxi, southern China","volume":"56","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0334457.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494-021-00631-z","article-title":"Ancient basketry on the inside: X-ray computed microtomography for the non-destructive assessment of small archaeological monocotyledonous fragments: examples from Southeast Europe","volume":"9","author":"M Andonova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Herit Sci"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2020.105259","article-title":"Snapshots in time: MicroCT scanning of pottery sherds determines early domestication of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) in East Africa","volume":"123","author":"A Barron","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0334457.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1111\/arcm.12894","article-title":"Micro\u2010CT\u2010assisted determination of the shattering and non\u2010shattering phenotypes of charred rice spikelet bases from archaeological sites: a new methodological approach","volume":"65","author":"Y Ge","year":"2023","journal-title":"Archaeometry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0334457.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5369","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05244-w","article-title":"Seed coat thinning during horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum) domestication documented through synchrotron tomography of archaeological seeds","volume":"7","author":"C Murphy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43595","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43595","article-title":"Selection for Oil Content During Soybean Domestication Revealed by X-Ray Tomography of Ancient Beans","volume":"7","author":"Y Zong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref029","first-page":"187","article-title":"Cereals and cereal-based products from Tiel Medel, an Early Neolithic Swifterbant site in the Netherlands.","volume-title":"Cooking with plants in ancient Europe and beyond: Interdisciplinary approaches to the archaeology of plant foods","author":"L. Kubiak-Martens","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0334457.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s00334-014-0485-8","article-title":"What\u2019s for dinner? Processed food in the coastal area of the northern Netherlands in the Late Neolithic","volume":"24","author":"L Kubiak-Martens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Veget Hist Archaeobot"},{"issue":"31","key":"pone.0334457.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7925","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1801071115","article-title":"Archaeobotanical evidence reveals the origins of bread 14,400 years ago in northeastern Jordan","volume":"115","author":"A Arranz-Otaegui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2018.11.004","article-title":"Prehistoric cereal foods of southeastern Europe: An archaeobotanical exploration","volume":"104","author":"SM Valamoti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0334457.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00334-017-0602-6","article-title":"A methodological approach to the study of archaeological cereal meals: a case study at \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck East (Turkey)","volume":"26","author":"L Gonz\u00e1lez Carretero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Veg Hist Archaeobot"},{"issue":"391","key":"pone.0334457.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.15184\/aqy.2022.143","article-title":"Cooking in caves: Palaeolithic carbonised plant food remains from Franchthi and Shanidar","volume":"97","author":"C Kabukcu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antiquity"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0334457.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182401","article-title":"State of the (t)art. Analytical approaches in the investigation of components and production traits of archaeological bread-like objects, applied to two finds from the Neolithic lakeshore settlement Parkhaus Op\u00e9ra (Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland)","volume":"12","author":"AG Heiss","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0334457.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231696","article-title":"Mashes to Mashes, Crust to Crust. Presenting a novel microstructural marker for malting in the archaeological record","volume":"15","author":"AG Heiss","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"78","key":"pone.0334457.ref037","first-page":"261","article-title":"Contribution \u00e0 l\u2019histoire de la boulangerie romaine: \u00e9tude de \u00abpains\/galettes\u00bb d\u00e9couverts en Gaule","volume":"78","author":"AG Heiss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch\u00e9ol Gaules"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0334457.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1525\/ae.1981.8.3.02a00050","article-title":"gastro\u2010politics in Hindu South Asia","volume":"8","author":"A Appadurai","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am Ethnol"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315656540","volume-title":"The anthropology of food and body: Gender, meaning and power","author":"CM Counihan","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref040","first-page":"87","article-title":"Feasts and commensal politics in the political economy: food, power, and status in prehistoric Europe.","volume-title":"Food and the status quest: An interdisciplinary perspective","author":"M. Dietler","year":"1996"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref041","first-page":"213","article-title":"Steamed or boiled: Identity and value in food preparation","volume":"2","author":"CA Hastorf","year":"2012","journal-title":"eTopoi"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref042","first-page":"1","article-title":"We are what we eat.","volume-title":"The archaeology of food and identity","author":"KC. Twiss","year":"2007"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0334457.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s10814-017-9111-5","article-title":"Archaeological Studies of Cooking and Food Preparation","volume":"26","author":"SR Graff","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Archaeol Res"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref044","first-page":"63","article-title":"La arqueobot\u00e1nica del sitio Inka \u201cEl Shincal de Quimivil\u201d durante la \u00faltima d\u00e9cada: interpretaci\u00f3n de pr\u00e1cticas culinarias dentro de un marco de comensalidad ampliada.","volume-title":"Una Capital Inka al Sur del Kollasuyu El Shincal de Quimivil","author":"A. Capparelli","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520961692","volume-title":"Maize for the Gods: Unearthing the 9,000-Year History of Corn","author":"M Blake","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref046","volume-title":"Corn is our blood: culture and ethnic identity in a contemporary Aztec Indian village","author":"AR Sandstrom","year":"1991"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref047","first-page":"577","article-title":"Maize in word and image in Southeastern Mesoamerica.","volume-title":"Histories of Maize: Multidisciplinary approaches to the prehistory, linguistics, biogeography, domestication, and evolution of maize","author":"B. Stross","year":"2006"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref048","article-title":"The People of Corn: Ancient Maya Culinary Practices at Early Postclassic Chich\u00e9n Itz\u00e1, Yucatan.","volume-title":"Being Maya in Mesoamerica","author":"TW Stanton","year":"2023"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0334457.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2008.06.001","article-title":"Trees and shrubs: the use of wood in prehispanic Teotihuacan","volume":"35","author":"CC Adriano-Mor\u00e1n","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref050","first-page":"139","article-title":"The Maya at Teotihuacan? New insights into Teotihuacan-Maya interactions from Plaza of the Columns Complex.","volume-title":"Teotihuacan: The World Beyond the City","author":"N Sugiyama","year":"2020"},{"issue":"47","key":"pone.0334457.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2212431119","article-title":"Earliest evidence of primate captivity and translocation supports gift diplomacy between Teotihuacan and the Maya","volume":"119","author":"N Sugiyama","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref052","first-page":"830","article-title":"Cap\u00edtulo 10 An\u00e1lisis macrobot\u00e1nico: resultados preliminares.","volume-title":"Proyecto Complejo Plaza de las Columnas, Teotihuacan Informe de la segunda temporada (2016)","author":"C. Cagnato","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref053","first-page":"830","article-title":"Cap\u00edtulo 9 An\u00e1lisis arqueobot\u00e1nico.","volume-title":"Proyecto Complejo Plaza de las Columnas, Teotihuacan Informe parcial de la sexta temporada (2022)","author":"C. Cagnato","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0334457.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s12520-016-0418-9","article-title":"Discussion: the subsistence of the Teotihuacan metropolis","volume":"9","author":"LR Manzanilla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Archaeol Anthropol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref055","volume-title":"Plants and subsistence in the Teotihuacan valley, AD 100-750","author":"ES De Tapia","year":"1979"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0334457.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00334-017-0614-2","article-title":"Sweet, weedy and wild: macrobotanical remains from a Late Classic (8th century ad) feasting deposit discovered at La Corona, an ancient Maya settlement","volume":"27","author":"C Cagnato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Veget Hist Archaeobot"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref057","first-page":"276","article-title":"Ancient Maya manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz) consumption: Starch grain evidence from late to terminal classic (8th\u20139th century CE) occupation at La Corona, northwestern Pet\u00e9n, Guatemala","volume":"16","author":"C Cagnato","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Archaeolog Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0334457.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.2307\/972172","article-title":"Maya Diets of the Rich and Poor: Paleoethnobotanical Evidence from Copan","volume":"2","author":"DL Lentz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Latin Am antiq"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.14237\/ebl.4.2013.10","article-title":"The Effects of Food Processing on the Archaeological Visibility of Maize: An Experimental Study of Carbonization of Lime-treated Maize Kernels","volume":"4","author":"C Dezendorf","year":"2013","journal-title":"EBL"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2024.09.007","article-title":"Nixtamalization at La Corona: Microbotanical analysis of ceramic vessels indicates Late Classic Maya cooking techniques","volume":"711","author":"C Cagnato","year":"2024","journal-title":"Quater Int"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0334457.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1140\/epjp\/s13360-024-05489-1","article-title":"SYRMEP beamline: state of the art, upgrades and future prospects","volume":"139","author":"E Longo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Phys J Plus"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2818.2002.01010.x","article-title":"Simultaneous phase and amplitude extraction from a single defocused image of a homogeneous object","volume":"206","author":"D Paganin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Microsc"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3233\/FI-2015-1273","article-title":"Enhanced and Flexible Software Tools for X-ray Computed Tomography at the Italian Synchrotron Radiation Facility Elettra","volume":"141","author":"F Brun","year":"2015","journal-title":"FI"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0334457.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089","article-title":"NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis","volume":"9","author":"CA Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0334457.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1006\/jcrs.2002.0435","article-title":"Cereal Grain Structure and Development: Some Implications for Quality","volume":"36","author":"T Evers","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Cereal Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0334457.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erq372","article-title":"Regulation of aleurone development in cereal grains","volume":"62","author":"PW Becraft","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Exp Bot"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0334457.ref067","first-page":"291","article-title":"Primeras aproximaciones a la identificaci\u00f3n de t\u00e9cnicas de procesamiento en carporrestos de Zea mays L.: detecci\u00f3n de granos hervidos en restos arqueobot\u00e1nicos secos y carbonizados","volume":"17","author":"N Petrucci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Interseccion Antropol"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-811971-6.00006-1","article-title":"Development and structure of the corn kernel.","volume-title":"Corn","author":"S Garc\u00eda-Lara","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852082","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.852082","article-title":"Maize Endosperm Development: Tissues, Cells, Molecular Regulation and Grain Quality Improvement","volume":"13","author":"H Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0334457.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5559","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erz297","article-title":"Symplasmic phloem unloading and radial post-phloem transport via vascular rays in tuberous roots of Manihot esculenta","volume":"70","author":"R Mehdi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Exp Bot"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0334457.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.88.035007","article-title":"Sap flow and sugar transport in plants","volume":"88","author":"KH Jensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Mod Phys"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref072"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.112822","article-title":"Selected plants producing mucilage: Overview, composition, and their potential as functional ingredients in the development of plant-based foods","volume":"169","author":"MM Lira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0334457.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2011.06.037","article-title":"Chia seeds: Microstructure, mucilage extraction and hydration","volume":"108","author":"LA Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Food Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0334457.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-017-2954-4","article-title":"Cold extraction method of chia seed mucilage (Salvia hispanica L.): effect on yield and rheological behavior","volume":"55","author":"LS Tavares","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Food Sci Technol"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0334457.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3856","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.6327","article-title":"Microstructure, chemical composition and mucilage exudation of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) nutlets from Argentina","volume":"93","author":"MI Capitani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2021.02.006","article-title":"An overview of instrumented indentation technique for the study of micromechanical properties in food: A case study on bean seed coat","volume":"204","author":"M Nicol\u00e1s-Garc\u00eda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosyst Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0334457.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e25620","article-title":"Effect of cooking on structural changes in the common black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris var. Jamapa)","volume":"10","author":"M Perucini-Avenda\u00f1o","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0334457.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1537-2197.1983.tb10856.x","article-title":"On the development of macrosclereids in seed coats of Pisum sativum L","volume":"70","author":"WM Harris","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Bot"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref080","first-page":"303","article-title":"Carbonization, differential preservation, and sampling biases in domestication studies: An erect knotweed (Polygonum erectum L.) case study","volume":"13","author":"NG Mueller","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Archaeol Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0334457.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpe.12034","article-title":"Effect of Traditional Nixtamalization Process on Starch Annealing and the Relation to Pozole Quality","volume":"36","author":"JDC Figueroa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Food Process Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0334457.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s12520-011-0061-4","article-title":"Elucidating post-harvest practices involved in the processing of algarrobo (Prosopis spp.) for food at El Shincal Inka site (Northwest Argentina): an experimental approach based on charred remains","volume":"3","author":"A Capparelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Archaeol Anthropol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0334457.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315434490","volume-title":"Archaeological parenchyma","author":"JG Hather","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0334457.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s12520-016-0421-1","article-title":"Staple food preparation at Teotihuacan","volume":"9","author":"M Biskowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Archaeol Anthropol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0334457.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2307\/281330","article-title":"The Maize Tamale in Classic Maya Diet, Epigraphy, and Art","volume":"54","author":"KA Taube","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am Antiq"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0334457","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T18:22:17Z","timestamp":1763576537000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0334457"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Aniruddha","family":"Datta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0334457","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]}}}