{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T18:23:41Z","timestamp":1787250221632,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009374","name":"Pakistan Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PSF-NSFC III \/Agr\/KP\/AWKUM\/(20)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSF-NSFC III \/Agr\/KP\/AWKUM\/(20)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020508","name":"Universidad Cat\u00c3\u00b3lica de Temuco","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MECESUP UCT 0804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MECESUP UCT 0804"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020508","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Milk is a vital and widely consumed food, but contamination by biological, chemical, and physical factors can lead to milk-borne diseases. Mastitis, particularly subclinical mastitis (SCM), is a significant biological factor that deteriorates milk quality. Among the 135 agents causing SCM,\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    , a Gram-positive coagulase-negative staphylococcus, plays a notable role. The excessive and indiscriminate use of antibiotics in treating mastitis has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, posing threats to both animal and human health. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of SCM and identify MDR\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates in raw milk samples from dairy cattle and ewes, and explore the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>mecA<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>tetK<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>ermC<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in these isolates. A total of 310 milk samples were collected from Holstein Friesian and Cholistani cattle, as well as ewes under transhumant and sedentary husbandry systems. The results revealed a 26% overall prevalence of SCM, with a higher incidence in ewes (31.34%) than in cattle (21.87%). Within cattle, SCM prevalence rate was 40% in the Cholistani breed and 17.69% in the Holstein breed.\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    was detected in 12.9% of the samples, with 72.5% of these isolated from SCM cases. Antibiotic susceptibility tests showed high resistance rates to penicillin and erythromycin (95%), moderate resistance rates to cotrimoxazole, doxycycline, clindamycin, and chloramphenicol, and low resistance rates to levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin (5%). Notably, 50% of the isolates were MDR. Among the resistance genes,\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>ermC<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    was most prevalent (87.5%), followed by\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>tetK<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    (80%) and\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>mecA<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    (45%). These findings underscore the widespread presence of\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    in both healthy and SCM-affected dairy animals, as defined by elevated somatic cell counts, highlighting its dual role as a commensal organism and a potential pathogen, resulting in significant implications for antibiotic resistance management in dairy farming.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0334516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T18:24:31Z","timestamp":1762971871000},"page":"e0334516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance characterization of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from raw milk of dairy cattle and ewes"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"family":"Inamullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5729-8037","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mustafa","family":"Kamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6971-0957","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Farhad","family":"Badshah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shehryar","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghassan","family":"Tayh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5567-4721","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mourad","family":"Ben Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7174-3694","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eliana","family":"Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez-Arancibia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5056-7003","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Patricio R. De los R\u00edos","family":"Escalante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huma","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ikram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han\u00e8ne","family":"Belkahia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8192-5800","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tahir","family":"Usman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0334516.ref001","article-title":"Genetic association of candidate genes with milk and mastitis resistance traits using SNP-Chip array in Holstein Friesian and Pakistani indigenous 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