{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T18:08:30Z","timestamp":1779300510514,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010686","name":"H2020 European Institute of Innovation and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GA 964215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA 964215"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010686","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AC22\/00016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AC22\/00016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000156","name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec - Sant\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["324226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["324226"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["49317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["49317"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stroke often causes spasticity, impacting mobility and quality of life. Botulinum Toxin type A (BTX-A) and Dry Needling (DN) are treatments that reduce spasticity, although Botulinum Toxin type A injections can cause adverse effects. No studies have directly compared their effects at spinal, muscular, functional, quality-of-life, and cost-effectiveness levels. This study aims to determine the spinal mechanisms of BTX-A and DN on post-stroke lower limb spasticity, while also assessing feasibility, safety, and exploratory effects at muscular, functional, quality-of-life, and cost-effectiveness levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a protocol of a proof-of-concept, feasibility randomized clinical trial including 90 participants from Canada, Belgium, and Spain who experienced a first stroke in the previous 12 months and present plantar flexor spasticity. Time since stroke (0\u201312 months) will be recorded and explored as a potential modifier of treatment response. Participants will be randomly assigned to receive either one session of BTX-A or 12 weekly sessions of DN. Blinded evaluators will assess outcomes before, during, and after treatment, with a 4-week follow-up. The primary outcome will be spinal mechanisms of spasticity, measured using the Tonic Stretch Reflex Threshold and its velocity sensitivity. Secondary outcomes will assess: a) muscular architecture and echotexture (measured with ultrasound); b) muscle tone\/resistance using the Modified Ashworth Scale; c) gait and mobility (instrumented analysis, Timed Up and Go, 10-Meter Walk Test); d) muscle strength with dynamometry; e) quality of life with the EuroQoL questionnaire; and f) cost-effectiveness (analytic model). The findings will provide preliminary data to inform a future definitive trial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and Dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This research project has secured funding from the NEURON ERA-NET 2022 call, supported by the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 program (GA 964215) and co-funded by the European Union-Next Generation, and has undergone peer review. Ethical approval has been obtained from Spain, Canada, and Belgium. The study is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06296082) and the Clinical Trials Information System (CTIS) under the number 2024-510866-18-00. The study protocol is registered on Zenodo (\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.20034064\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.20034064<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      )\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Trials<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Clinical Trials NCT06296082;\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06296082\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06296082<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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