{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T18:34:39Z","timestamp":1763145279804,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study aimed to assess the current water quality, identify the sources of fluorescent dissolved organic matter (fDOM), and quantify the CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    flux from Kaptai Lake surface water. A water quality multiparameter analyzer, a membrane-enclosed pCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    sensor, and a weather monitoring device were deployed to continuously record data over 48 hours to observe daily and spatial shifts. All measured water quality parameters remained within the acceptable limits set by the Department of Environment (DoE). The three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3D-EEM) analysis identified distinct fluorophores at peak A (Ex\/Em\u2009=\u2009245\/404\u2009nm), peak M (Ex\/Em\u2009=\u2009310\/404\u2009nm), peak T (Ex\/Em\u2009=\u2009280\/338\u2013346\u2009nm), and peak Tuv (Ex\/Em\u2009=\u2009230\/338\u2013350\u2009nm). Parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) modelling further resolved these into protein-like components and fulvic-like substances, specifically C-like and M-like fluorophores, indicating the presence of both microbial and terrestrial sources. Spatial distribution patterns of fDOM intensity suggest variability driven by localized pollution sources across the lake. Optical indices further indicated that the fDOM components were predominantly biologically derived, characterized by low aromaticity, lower molecular weight and size, and were largely influenced by microbial degradation processes. Diurnal monitoring of partial pressure of CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (pCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) in the lake water revealed values ranging from 577 to 1045 \u00b5atm. Correspondingly, the CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    flux (FCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) varied between 45 and 56 mmol CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    m\u2009\u207b\u2009\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    d\u2009\u207b\u2009\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    . The positive average FCO\u2082 indicates that the lake acts as a net source of CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    to the regional atmosphere. Higher pCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    levels are linked to lower dissolved oxygen and increased protein-like DOM that fuels microbial respiration, while humic-like DOM helps stabilize carbon by limiting CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    release.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0334646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T18:29:48Z","timestamp":1763144988000},"page":"e0334646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Deciphering CO2 flux and fluorescent DOM origins in the carbon cycle of Kaptai Lake"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7335-290X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Osman","family":"Miah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0038-6620","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rhidi","family":"Barma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8409-9647","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Md. Anamul","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5449-4761","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mashura","family":"Shammi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shafi M.","family":"Tareq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0334646.ref001","article-title":"Production Trends, and Challenges for Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Fisheries Management of Kaptai Lake, the Largest Reservoir in Bangladesh","volume":"34","author":"KH Suman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian Fish Sci"},{"key":"pone.0334646.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134361","article-title":"In situ fluorescence measurements of dissolved organic matter: A review","volume":"699","author":"EM Carstea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0334646.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2862","DOI":"10.3390\/w6102862","article-title":"Trends in Levels of Allochthonous Dissolved Organic Carbon in Natural Water: A Review of Potential Mechanisms under a Changing Climate","volume":"6","author":"T Pagano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"pone.0334646.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3804","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4804","article-title":"Chemodiversity of dissolved organic matter in lakes driven by climate and hydrology","volume":"5","author":"AM Kellerman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0334646.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo618","article-title":"The boundless carbon cycle","volume":"2","author":"TJ Battin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature Geosci"},{"key":"pone.0334646.ref006","first-page":"3","article-title":"Supply of dissolved organic matter to aquatic ecosystems: autochthonous sources.","volume-title":"Aquatic ecology","author":"S Bertilsson","year":"2003"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0334646.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3390\/md14050100","article-title":"Impact of Microalgae-Bacteria Interactions on the Production of Algal Biomass and Associated Compounds","volume":"14","author":"JL Fuentes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar Drugs"},{"key":"pone.0334646.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envc.2021.100250","article-title":"Characterization of dissolved organic matter at urban and industrial rainwater of Bangladesh by fluorescence spectroscopy and EEM-PARAFAC modeling","volume":"5","author":"NM Niloy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Challenges"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0334646.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s10533-018-0447-9","article-title":"The sources and distribution of carbon (DOC, POC, DIC) in a mangrove dominated estuary (French Guiana, South America)","volume":"138","author":"R Ray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biogeochemistry"},{"issue":"40","key":"pone.0334646.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92720","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-28878-y","article-title":"Diurnal and seasonal variations of pCO2 and fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) in different polluted lakes","volume":"30","author":"O Miah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0334646.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4203(95)00062-3","article-title":"Characterization of marine and terrestrial DOM in seawater using excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy","volume":"51","author":"PG Coble","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mar Chem"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0334646.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.4319\/lom.2008.6.572","article-title":"Characterizing dissolved organic matter fluorescence with parallel factor analysis: a tutorial","volume":"6","author":"CA Stedmon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Limnol Oceanogr Methods"},{"key":"pone.0334646.ref013","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Dissolved organic matter in natural waters. 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