{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T19:15:40Z","timestamp":1772738140592,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MNUAT- HEET"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the flexural performance and microstructural evolution of reinforced concrete beams incorporating calcined montmorillonite (CMMT), metakaolin (MK), pyrolyzed coffee grounds (PCG), and hybrid fibers (steel or banana) as sustainable partial replacements for natural sand and cementitious binders. The replacement levels\u201412.5% SCM (CMMT or MK) and 15% PCG\u2014were selected based on preliminary optimization trials and evidence from prior studies that identify these ranges as the threshold at which pozzolanic reactivity, workability, and particle packing achieve maximum benefit without compromising matrix integrity. Thirteen mix groups and a control beam were cast and tested under four-point bending, with three replicates per group. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05) confirmed significant differences in peak load, stiffness, ductility, and energy absorption across mixes (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Beams containing CMMT and 1.5% steel fibers achieved the highest flexural capacity, exhibiting a 92\u2013105% increase in ultimate load relative to the control, while mixes with 1.0% banana fibers demonstrated the greatest ductility and post-cracking deformation capacity. Improvements in stiffness (up to 68%) and energy absorption (up to 120%) were closely linked to microstructural refinement observed through XRD and SEM. Quantitative indicators\u2014including a 22\u201334% reduction in portlandite peak intensity, an increase in amorphous C\u2013S\u2013H content, and visibly compacted interfacial transition zones\u2014corroborated the enhanced matrix densification induced by CMMT and PCG.The combined use of PCG, CMMT, and natural\/steel fibers significantly reduced reliance on natural sand and cement while improving structural performance, demonstrating a viable pathway for developing high-performance eco-concretes for structural applications. Although direct durability tests were not conducted, the observed microstructural densification suggests potential improvements in long-term resistance to moisture and chloride ingress, warranting further research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0334732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T18:31:29Z","timestamp":1772735489000},"page":"e0334732","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High-performance eco-concrete beams with calcined montmorillonite, metakaolin pyrolyzed coffee grounds, and hybrid fibers for enhanced bending strength and microstructural refinement"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2209-2712","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amani Abdallah","family":"Hepautwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Askwar","family":"Hilonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Register","family":"Mrosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tusekile","family":"Alfredy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Mwalusambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fina","family":"Lesafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusufu Abeid","family":"Chande Jande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0334732.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3692","DOI":"10.3390\/ma18153692","article-title":"Effect of using rotational and static kilns on the properties of eco-friendly lightweight aggregates made with pumice scraps and spent coffee grounds","volume":"18","author":"F Altimari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0334732.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs9040145","article-title":"Performance of calcined impure kaolinitic clay as a partial substitute for portland cement concrete: a review","volume":"9","author":"K Boakye","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Compos Sci"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref003","first-page":"1663","article-title":"Effect of heat-treated polymineral clays on the properties of portland cement paste","volume":"38","author":"E Dmitrieva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater Today: Proc"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2013.09.021","article-title":"Influence of kaolinite clay on the chloride diffusion property of cement-based materials","volume":"45","author":"Y Fan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cement Concrete Compos"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0334732.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9333","DOI":"10.1039\/D2TA09732J","article-title":"Application of biowaste and nature-inspired (nano)materials in fuel cells","volume":"11","author":"B Jaleh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Mater Chem A"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-3901-5_11","article-title":"Montmorillonite (MMt) clay-based hybrid materials for textile dyes\u2019 removal","volume-title":"Nanohybrid materials for treatment of textiles dyes","author":"B Jaleh","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2023.107154","article-title":"Influence of pregranulation and low-pressure compaction on the properties of ceramic materials incorporating clay and spent coffee grounds","volume":"245","author":"E K\u0142osek-Wawrzyn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Clay Sci"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.117","article-title":"Influence of calcined coal-series kaolin fineness on properties of cement paste and mortar","volume":"171","author":"Y Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Construc Build Mater"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref009","volume-title":"Program and the Book of abstracts\/Twenty-first Young Researchers\u2019 Conference Materials Science and Engineering, November 29\u2013December 1, 2023","author":"S Markovi\u0107","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref010","article-title":"Control of properties of nanosized zeolites.","volume-title":"20th Brazilian Catalysis Society (CBCAT)","author":"S Mintova","year":"2019"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0334732.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001867","article-title":"Combined Effects of Metakaolin, Rice Husk Ash, and Polypropylene Fiber on the Engineering Properties and Microstructure of Mortar","volume":"29","author":"E Mohseni","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Mater Civ Eng"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0334732.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9659","DOI":"10.3390\/app13179659","article-title":"Adsorption of cadmium and methylene blue using highly porous carbon from hemp seeds","volume":"13","author":"BR Mphuthi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref013","author":"NA Sarani","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.014","article-title":"Mechanical and microstructural properties of HFRHSCs containing metakaolin subjected to elevated temperatures and freezing-thawing cycles","volume":"158","author":"M Sar\u0131demir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Construc Build Mater"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hybadv.2025.100479","article-title":"Performance of geopolymer mortar incorporating spent coffee grounds as a recycled building material: An experimental and predictive analysis","volume":"10","author":"AF \u015eenol","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hybrid Adv"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref016","first-page":"1527","article-title":"Combined effect of metakaolin and hybrid fibers on the strength properties of high performance concrete","volume":"49","author":"H Somasekharaiah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater Today: Proc"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0334732.ref017","article-title":"Multifunctional nanoclay-based hemostatic materials for wound healing: a review","volume":"13","author":"Y Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.138898","article-title":"Effect of hybrid fibers and high temperatures on the properties of geopolymer composites based on slag, metakaolin, and natural zeolite","volume":"451","author":"BA Tayeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Construc Build Mater"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref019","first-page":"50","article-title":"Exploitation of Renewable Resources in Polymer Chemistry","volume-title":"Green Chemistry Postgraduate Summer School (online\/in-person)","author":"F Trotta"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0334732.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11077","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-022-11379-4","article-title":"Thermal and alkali modification of kaolin for potential utilization as filler material in fiber-reinforced polylactic acid composites","volume":"147","author":"VA Yiga","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Therm Anal Calorim"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.138983","article-title":"Flyash and coffee silverskin binary blended geopolymer","volume":"453","author":"MO Yusuf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Construc Build Mater"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.117","article-title":"Influence of calcined coal-series kaolin fineness on properties of cement paste and mortar","volume":"171","author":"Y Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Construc Build Mater"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.30684\/etj.v39i2A.1733","article-title":"Thermally activated bentonite as a supplementary cementitious material\u2013a review","volume":"39","author":"AA Al-Hammood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eng Technol J"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref024","article-title":"Effects of calcined clay, sawdust ash and chemical admixtures on Strength and Properties of concrete for pavement and flooring applications using Taguchi approach","volume":"15","author":"TF Awolusi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Case Stud Construc Mater"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref025","article-title":"A comprehensive comparative analysis of the impact of metakaolin and fly ash additions on the mechanical performance of fiber-reinforced concrete beams","volume":"30","author":"A Ayyadurai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mat\u00e9ria (Rio J)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0334732.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3390\/app10010357","article-title":"Natural kenaf fiber and LC3 binder for sustainable fiber-reinforced cementitious composite: a review","volume":"10","author":"MH Baghban","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0334732.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5588","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15165588","article-title":"Combined effects of metakaolin and hybrid fibers on self-compacting concrete","volume":"15","author":"N Bede Odor\u010di\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater (Basel)"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0334732.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5588","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15165588","article-title":"Combined effects of metakaolin and hybrid fibers on self-compacting concrete","volume":"15","author":"N Bede Odor\u010di\u0107","year":"2022","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.118","article-title":"Mechanical performance of high strength concrete made from high volume of Metakaolin and hybrid fibers","volume":"140","author":"HKS El-Din","year":"2017","journal-title":"Construc Build Mater"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0334732.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2005.01.053","article-title":"Experimental characterization of Portland cement-calcined soldier-ant mound clay cement mortar and concrete","volume":"20","author":"A Elinwa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Construc Build Mater"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2013.08.002","article-title":"Combined effect of steel fiber and metakaolin incorporation on mechanical properties of concrete","volume":"56","author":"E G\u00fcneyisi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Composites Part B: Eng"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.120300","article-title":"The effects of kaolin and calcined kaolin on the durability and mechanical properties of self-compacting mortars subjected to high temperatures","volume":"265","author":"M Karatas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Construc Build Mater"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0334732.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2005.11.013","article-title":"Effects of organo-modified montmorillonite on strengths and permeability of cement mortars","volume":"36","author":"W-Y Kuo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cement and Concrete Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0334732.ref034","first-page":"23","article-title":"Calcinated Bentonite as Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Cement-Based Mortar","volume":"11","author":"N Mesboua","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Appl Eng Sci"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.118965","article-title":"Physical & mechanical properties of fiber reinforced metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete","volume":"251","author":"AB Moradikhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Construc Build Mater"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0334732.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst11101152","article-title":"Effect of KyAl4(Si8-y) O20(OH)4 Calcined Based-Clay on the Microstructure and Mechanical Performances of High-Performance Concrete","volume":"11","author":"DO Nduka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crystals"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2013.10.087","article-title":"Experimental investigation on flexural toughness of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (HFRC) containing metakaolin and pumice","volume":"51","author":"P Rashiddadash","year":"2014","journal-title":"Construc Build Mater"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0334732.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17112608","article-title":"Mechanical, durability, and microstructure assessment of wastepaper fiber-reinforced concrete containing metakaolin","volume":"17","author":"M Valizadeh Kiamahalleh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0334732.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1080\/01694243.2018.1442647","article-title":"Effect of vegetable and synthetic fibers on mechanical performance and durability of Metakaolin-based mortars","volume":"32","author":"AA Belkadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Adhesion Sci Technol"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref040","article-title":"Nutritional quality of some landraces of pearl millet Pennisetum Glaucum grown in hyperardi ecosystem.","volume-title":"3rd international symposium on materials and sustainable development","author":"N Boudries","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2020.120723","article-title":"Sludge biochar as a green additive in cement-based composites: Mechanical properties and hydration kinetics","volume":"262","author":"X Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Construc Build Mater"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119160243","volume-title":"Composites materials for food packaging","author":"G Cirillo","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref043","author":"S de Carvalho Gomes","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref044","volume-title":"Investigation of photocatalytic properties of molybdenum disulfide incorporated lanthanum ferrite nanocomposites","author":"S Dutta","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref045","volume-title":"Additive manufacturing of ceramics. Printing beyond the binder","author":"G Franchin","year":"2017"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0334732.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3221","DOI":"10.3390\/su16083221","article-title":"The thermo-phase change reactivity of textile and cardboard fibres in varied concrete composites","volume":"16","author":"R Haigh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref047","first-page":"91","article-title":"Mechanical properties of nanoclay composite materials","volume-title":"Composite Materials: Applications in Engineering, Biomedicine and Food Science","author":"LC Hao","year":"2020"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0334732.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7604","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-014-8469-8","article-title":"Sisal fiber-reinforced cement composite with Portland cement substitution by a combination of metakaolin and nanoclay","volume":"49","author":"J Wei","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Mater Sci"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2016.12.004","article-title":"Degradation of natural fiber in ternary blended cement composites containing metakaolin and montmorillonite","volume":"120","author":"J Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Corrosion Sci"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref050","author":"D Zhou","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2015.01.028","article-title":"Pozzolanic reactivity of low grade kaolinitic clays: influence of calcination temperature and impact of calcination products on OPC hydration","volume":"108","author":"A Alujas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl Clay Sci"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2016.02.015","article-title":"Development of a new rapid, relevant and reliable (R3) test method to evaluate the pozzolanic reactivity of calcined kaolinitic clays","volume":"85","author":"F Avet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cement Concrete Res"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0334732.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4778","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16134778","article-title":"Methods for evaluating pozzolanic reactivity in calcined clays: a review","volume":"16","author":"VD Pinheiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2013.01.002","article-title":"Assessment of pozzolanic activity of different calcined clays","volume":"37","author":"A Tironi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cement Concrete Comp"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.128739","article-title":"Enhancement of the pozzolanic activity of natural clays by mechanochemical activation","volume":"352","author":"I Tole","year":"2022","journal-title":"Construc Build Mater"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0334732.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4521","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13204521","article-title":"Microstructural characteristics of arc beads with overcurrent fault in the fire scene","volume":"13","author":"Z Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Materials (Basel)"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0334732.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8846(95)00165-4","article-title":"Pozzolanic reactions of six principal clay minerals: Activation, reactivity assessments and technological effects","volume":"25","author":"C He","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cement Concrete Res"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2020.106259","article-title":"Pozzolanic reactivity of natural pozzolans, ground glasses and coal bottom ashes and implication of their incorporation on the chloride permeability of concrete","volume":"139","author":"M Kasaniya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cement Concrete Res"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.078","article-title":"Processing, effect and reactivity assessment of artificial pozzolans obtained from clays and clay wastes: A review","volume":"140","author":"S Mohammed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Construc Build Mater"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref060","article-title":"Impact of treatment temperature of metakaolin on strength and sulfate resistance of concrete","author":"MA Akinpelu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res Eng Struct Mat"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0334732.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s41024-023-00266-6","article-title":"Influence of silica fume and metakaolin on durability properties of hybrid fibers reinforced high strength concrete","volume":"8","author":"M Sriram","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Build Rehabil"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref062","unstructured":"Money B, et al. Clay-based geopolymers cement for oil wells: A bibliometric analysis and literature review. 2023."},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0334732.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(97)00122-1","article-title":"Microstructure and hydration characteristics of artificial pozzolana-cement pastes containing burnt kaolinite clay","volume":"27","author":"MS Morsy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cement Concrete Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0334732.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-8846(98)00083-0","article-title":"Effect of temperature on phase composition and microstructure of artificial pozzolana-cement pastes containing burnt kaolinite clay","volume":"28","author":"MS Morsy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cement Concrete Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0334732.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13071678","article-title":"Chemical treatments for coffee husks: application in mortar for coating and laying blocks","volume":"13","author":"MS Pinto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0334732.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1680\/jadcr.16.00060","article-title":"Influence of the addition of dispersed fine polymineral calcined clays on the properties of Portland cement paste","volume":"29","author":"RZ Rakhimov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Cement Res"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9939-3_61","article-title":"Various durability aspects of calcined Kaolin-Blended Portland cement pastes and concretes.","author":"M Saillio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete. Springer"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref068","volume-title":"Hybrid Advances","author":"AF Senol"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref069","author":"AO Ayelokun","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref070","article-title":"Circling back to the future: reviving sustainability with supplementary building materials and carbon materials in cementitious composites","author":"A Akhtar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Authorea Preprints"},{"key":"pone.0334732.ref071","volume-title":"Optimization of flyash and metakaolin content in mineral based CFRP retrofit for improved sustainability","author":"R Upadhyaya","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0334732","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T18:31:42Z","timestamp":1772735502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0334732"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Parthiban","family":"Kathirvel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0334732","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]}}}