{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T02:08:39Z","timestamp":1792030119761,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RS-2023-00278093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00278093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study aimed to evaluate and compare the clothing pressure of adult women\u2019s full-body swimsuits based on body type, swimming posture, and fabric material. By using the CLO 3D virtual fitting system, we conducted both qualitative and quantitative analyses to assess pressure distribution across four major body regions during five swim-related movements. Five female body types\u2014hourglass, apple, rectangle, triangle, and inverted triangle\u2014and five movements\u2014overhead arm raise, forward bend, T-pose, flutter kick, and cobra pose\u2014were analyzed. The swimsuits used two fabric types\u2014nylon 80%\u2009+\u2009spandex 20% blend fabric and polyester 80%\u2009+\u2009spandex 20% blend fabric; garment pressur\n                    <jats:bold>e<\/jats:bold>\n                    was measured at the chest, back, waist, and abdomen. The findings showed that CLO 3D had limitations in precisely distinguishing the characteristics of nylon and polyester, specifically in terms of clothing pressure and overall comfort. Significant variations in clothing pressure across different body parts were observed depending on swimming movement and body type. According to body type, the highest pressure was on the abdomen for the apple shape and the chest for inverted triangle shape. Regarding movement, the highest pressure was on the abdomen during the forward bend and chest during the cobra pose, indicating possible discomfort in those areas. Moreover, while the CLO 3D system effectively analyzes garment pressure in relatively static conditions of the wearer, it has limitations in assessing underwater environments and wearers\u2019 dynamic states. This study recommends configuring the underwater environment, establishing a database of swimsuit fabric properties in a wet state, incorporating movements, and automatic correction of discrepancies between measured compressive force data and CLO 3D output. The findings provide a data-driven design direction to enhance wearability and functionality in swimsuit development, while presenting new possibilities for CLO 3D-based sportswear research without the need to use traditional human-wear trials.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0334782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T18:26:11Z","timestamp":1762367171000},"page":"e0334782","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Analysis of clothing pressure based on material of virtually-fitted swimsuits and wearer body type and movement using 3D fashion design software"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Jisoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5077-9548","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Youngjoo","family":"Chae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0334782.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2514","DOI":"10.1177\/00405175241245123","article-title":"A review of noteworthy progress and opportunities in swimsuit design","volume":"94","author":"S Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Text Res J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0334782.ref002","article-title":"The Impact of Rash Guard on the Likability of a Swimming Class among Junior High School Students: From the Perspective of the Psychological Difficulty of Wearing a Swimsuit","volume":"31","author":"K Ueno","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Jpn Soc Sports Ind"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0334782.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1080\/20932685.2021.1960580","article-title":"Generation Z female consumers\u2019 preferences for swimwear products with sustainability-relevant attributes","volume":"13","author":"J Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Glob Fashion Market"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0334782.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.15406\/jteft.2022.08.00308","article-title":"Similarities and differences in consumers\u2019 choices of swimwear between Brazil and Israel","volume":"8","author":"Y Pedro","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Text Eng Fashion Technol"},{"key":"pone.0334782.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1177\/00405175221132012","article-title":"The effect of body shape and swimsuit type on the comfort of Chinese women wearing swimsuits","volume":"93","author":"A Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Text Res J"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0334782.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2414","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13152414","article-title":"Behavior of Polymer Materials Exposed to Aging in the Swimming Pool: Focus on Properties That Assure Comfort and Durability","volume":"13","author":"I Salopek \u010cubri\u0107","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polymers (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0334782.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517520981742","article-title":"Influence of inlaid material, yarn and knitted structure on the net buoyant force and mechanical properties of inlaid knitted fabric for buoyant swimwear","volume":"91","author":"N Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Text Res J"},{"key":"pone.0334782.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517520975632","article-title":"Design of novel buoyant swimming vest using inlay knitting technology","volume":"91","author":"N Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Text Res J"},{"key":"pone.0334782.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.4028\/p-IMNo45","article-title":"Performance Properties of Swimwear Fabrics Produced from Polyester and Recycled Polyester Fiber","volume":"977","author":"ED Kocak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Key Eng Mater"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0334782.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-024-00579-4","article-title":"Impact of Artificial Weathering on Swimwear Fabric","volume":"25","author":"B C\u00fcreklibat\u0131r Encan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fibers Polym"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0334782.ref011","first-page":"206","article-title":"One-Piece Flat Pattern for Printed Beachwear Cover-Ups to Minimize Cut-and-Sew Waste and Achieve Sustainability","volume":"4","author":"H Abou Hashish","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Des Sci Appl Arts"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0334782.ref012","first-page":"1","article-title":"Digital Transformation in Swimwear Pattern-Making: A Comparative Study of Traditional Vs. 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