{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T15:13:28Z","timestamp":1790262808627,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study investigated the application of microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP) using the bacterium\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus Anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    for laterite subgrade soil improvement in road construction. The California bearing ratio (CBR), unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and hydraulic conductivity test were conducted on the bacterium-modified soil. A quasi-field comparative test was also carried out to assess the strength properties of the bio-cemented and natural laterite. According to the American Association of State Highway Officials, the natural soil was classified as A\u20136 (5), a fair to poor soil for use as a subgrade material, justifying the need for improvement. The natural soil\u2019s CBR was improved by 80% at the 3 x 10\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells ml\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    treatment. The soil was improved from \u201cvery soft to soft\u201d to \u201cstiff to very stiff\u201d soil for all\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus Anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    treatments, and the natural soils\u2019 UCS value increased by 191% at 3.0\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells ml\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus Anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    treatment, confirming the CBR results. Best improvements at 3 x 10\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells ml\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    of\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus Anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    -treated soil provided better subgrade protection from water infiltration. Optimal bacterium-treated soil performed better in the field than in the laboratory. Results obtained successfully demonstrated the application of bio-improved laterite as a subgrade material for road construction.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0335062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T17:37:34Z","timestamp":1761759454000},"page":"e0335062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Experimental investigation of bio-improved laterite for use as a subgrade material in road construction"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5004-0519","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Reuben Orumah","family":"Sani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobi Vincent","family":"Ogunro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac Ibukun","family":"Akinwumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0335062.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clwas.2022.100012","article-title":"Eco-friendly stabilization of highway lateritic soil with cow bone powder admixed lime and plastic granules reinforcement","volume":"2","author":"OO Ojuri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clean Waste Syst"},{"key":"pone.0335062.ref002","first-page":"29","article-title":"Green concrete production with ceramic wastes and laterite","volume":"117","author":"PO Awoyera","year":"2016","journal-title":"CBM"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0335062.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.4314\/njt.v38i3.9","article-title":"Stabilization of lateritic soils with asphalt- emulsion","volume":"38","author":"BD Oluyemi-Ayibiowu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nig J Tech"},{"key":"pone.0335062.ref004","first-page":"125868","article-title":"The efficiency of ureolytic bacteria isolated from historical adobe structures in the production of bio-bricks","volume":"317","author":"A Farajnia","year":"2022","journal-title":"CBM"},{"key":"pone.0335062.ref005","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sustainability assessment of cement concrete modified with bagasse ash and calcite powder","volume":"86","author":"S Oyebisi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater Today: Proc"},{"key":"pone.0335062.ref006","first-page":"127906","article-title":"Cement-based concrete modified with Vitellaria Paradoxa ash: a lifecycle assessment","volume":"342","author":"S Oyebisi","year":"2022","journal-title":"CBM"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335062.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012071","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/640\/1\/012071","article-title":"Influence of some selected supplementary cementitious materials on workability and compressive strength of concrete \u2013 a review","volume":"640","author":"OG Mark","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng"},{"key":"pone.0335062.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120022","article-title":"Optimization of cost effective culture medium for Sporosarcina pasteurii as biocementing agent using response surface methodology: up cycling dairy waste and seawater","volume":"253","author":"M Kahani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0335062.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sandf.2020.07.003","article-title":"Investigation of pore-scale CaCO3 distributions and their effects on stiffness and permeability of sands treated by microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP)","volume":"60","author":"H Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soils Found"},{"key":"pone.0335062.ref010","author":"II Akinwumi","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0335062.ref011","first-page":"927","article-title":"Strength Characteristics of Clayey Soil Stabilized with Brick Kiln Dust and Sisal Fiber","author":"M Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. 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