{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:43:02Z","timestamp":1792100582403,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007028","name":"Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007028","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pregnant individuals with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) exhibit gut inflammation and dysbiosis; however, there is limited knowledge about their vaginal environment. This is important as vaginal inflammation and high vaginal microbiota diversity are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to compare vaginal inflammatory markers and microbiota diversity of pregnant individuals with and without IBD in their third trimester of pregnancy and determine the role of diet in the vaginal microbiota diversity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We recruited pregnant individuals who provided vaginal swabs at 27\u201329 weeks of pregnancy. We characterized the vaginal microbiota by sequencing the V3-V4 region of the\n                      <jats:italic>16S rRNA<\/jats:italic>\n                      and surveyed nine key pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines by qRT-PCR from the vaginal mucosa. Participants completed three validated interviewer-led nutrition assessments of 24-hour dietary intake around the same time as the collection of vaginal samples. The nutritional assessments were used to estimate dietary quality using the validated Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2015).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The cohort included 23 pregnant individuals with IBD (18 with Crohn\u2019s disease and 5 with ulcerative colitis) and 25 healthy controls (HC); 56.5% of the IBD cases were in remission. Vaginal microbiota diversity and composition did not differ significantly between individuals with IBD and HC. However, the vaginal mucosa of the IBD individuals showed increased expression of Th17 pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-6, IL-8, IL-17) and decreased expression of Th1 (IFN-\u03b3) and Th2 (IL-4) compared to HC. Expression of IL-6 and TNF- \u03b1 correlated positively with vaginal microbial diversity. The beneficial\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus crispatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      dominated the vaginal microbiota of individuals with either high dietary quality or those consuming more vegetables or low added sugar, regardless of IBD status\n                      <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>\n                      In IBD cases, consumption of vegetables and added sugars were associated with reduced expression of the pro-inflammatory IFN-\u03b3 and an increased expression of anti-inflammatory IL-4.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The vaginal microbiome did not differ between individuals with IBD and HC; however, IBD cases exhibit a pro-inflammatory tone in the vagina (high IL-6) that is associated with higher vaginal microbial diversity. Regardless of IBD status, healthier diets are positively associated with an increased abundance of the beneficial\n                      <jats:italic>L. crispatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the vagina.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0335178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T18:26:36Z","timestamp":1768415196000},"page":"e0335178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association of vaginal IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, IFN-\u03b3, and dietary intake with IBD status and vaginal microbiota in pregnant individuals"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5178-6478","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniela","family":"Vargas-Robles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan Rou","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biplab","family":"Singha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2431-3143","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joyce","family":"Tien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mallika","family":"Purandare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayra","family":"Rojas-Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla","family":"Madziar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3181-7623","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mellissa","family":"Picker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Dumont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi K.","family":"Leftwich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine F.","family":"Frisard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doyle V.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inga","family":"Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Olendzki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5967-9623","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ana","family":"Maldonado-Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335178.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-2-4","article-title":"The composition and stability of the vaginal microbiota of normal pregnant women is different from that of non-pregnant women","volume":"2","author":"R Romero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335178.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107874","article-title":"Regulatory T cells play a role in a subset of idiopathic preterm labor\/birth and adverse neonatal outcomes","volume":"32","author":"N Gomez-Lopez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0335178.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-22-0046","article-title":"The immunobiology of preterm labor and birth: intra-amniotic inflammation or breakdown of maternal-fetal homeostasis","volume":"164","author":"N Gomez-Lopez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0335178.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.146089","article-title":"Macrophages exert homeostatic actions in pregnancy to protect against preterm birth and fetal inflammatory injury","volume":"6","author":"N Gomez-Lopez","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"pone.0335178.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.90943","article-title":"The vaginal immunoproteome for the prediction of spontaneous preterm birth: a retrospective longitudinal study","volume":"13","author":"Z Shaffer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0335178.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0450-2","article-title":"The vaginal microbiome and preterm birth","volume":"25","author":"JM Fettweis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0335178.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13288","article-title":"Vaginal microbiota in pregnant women with inflammatory rheumatic and inflammatory bowel disease: a matched case-control study","volume":"64","author":"K Rosta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"26","key":"pone.0335178.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199512283332604","article-title":"Association between bacterial vaginosis and preterm delivery of a low-birth-weight infant. The Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group","volume":"333","author":"SL Hillier","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0335178.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.108324","article-title":"A meta-analysis on the influence of inflammatory bowel disease on pregnancy","volume":"56","author":"J Cornish","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0335178.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-022-04185-9","article-title":"A national study of pregnancy-related maternal and fetal outcomes in women with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"37","author":"ZI Tarar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0335178.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izab314","article-title":"Composition and stability of the vaginal microbiota of pregnant women with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"28","author":"JE Hill","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0335178.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1086\/521628","article-title":"Cytokines, pregnancy, and bacterial vaginosis: comparison of levels of cervical cytokines in pregnant and nonpregnant women with bacterial vaginosis","volume":"196","author":"RH Beigi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0335178.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3436","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18073436","article-title":"Timing of cervico-vaginal cytokine collection during pregnancy and preterm birth: a comparative analysis in the PRINCESA cohort","volume":"18","author":"MA Buxton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0335178.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10281","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810281","article-title":"Elevated IL-6 and IL-22 in early pregnancy are associated with worse disease course in women with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"23","author":"RY Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335178.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7509","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11571-4","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of the effects of whole grains versus refined grains diets on the microbiome in pregnancy","volume":"12","author":"H Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0335178.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-019-0343-8","article-title":"Relationship between vitamin D status and the vaginal microbiome during pregnancy","volume":"39","author":"KK Jefferson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0335178.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12830","article-title":"Is prenatal diet associated with the composition of the vaginal microbiome?","volume":"36","author":"EM Rosen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0335178.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2020.100573","article-title":"A dietary intervention to improve the microbiome composition of pregnant women with Crohn\u2019s disease and their offspring: The MELODY (Modulating Early Life Microbiome through Dietary Intervention in Pregnancy) trial design","volume":"18","author":"I Peter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials Commun"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0335178.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15112464","article-title":"Dietary intake of pregnant women with and without inflammatory bowel disease in the United States","volume":"15","author":"BC Olendzki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"8167","key":"pone.0335178.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)92767-1","article-title":"A simple index of Crohn\u2019s-disease activity","volume":"1","author":"RF Harvey","year":"1980","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0335178.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20520","article-title":"Use of the noninvasive components of the Mayo score to assess clinical response in ulcerative colitis","volume":"14","author":"JD Lewis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0335178.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5112","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01043-13","article-title":"Development of a dual-index sequencing strategy and curation pipeline for analyzing amplicon sequence data on the MiSeq Illumina sequencing platform","volume":"79","author":"JJ Kozich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0335178.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: high-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data","volume":"13","author":"BJ Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335178.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0470-z","article-title":"Optimizing taxonomic classification of marker-gene amplicon sequences with QIIME 2\u2019s q2-feature-classifier plugin","volume":"6","author":"NA Bokulich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0335178.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008376","article-title":"Cervicovaginal microbiome and natural history of HPV in a longitudinal study","volume":"16","author":"M Usyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335178.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s43705-021-00033-z","article-title":"Handling of spurious sequences affects the outcome of high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon profiling","volume":"1","author":"S Reitmeier","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISME Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0335178.ref027","article-title":"Bacterial community composition and dynamics spanning five years in freshwater bog lakes","volume":"2","author":"AM Linz","year":"2017","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0335178.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.2.324","article-title":"The US Department of Agriculture Automated Multiple-Pass Method reduces bias in the collection of energy intakes","volume":"88","author":"AJ Moshfegh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0335178.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(99)00340-5","article-title":"The use of telephone interview methodology to obtain 24-hour dietary recalls","volume":"99","author":"PH Casey","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0335178.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(01)00056-6","article-title":"Validity of a telephone-administered 24-hour dietary recall in telephone and non-telephone households in the rural Lower Mississippi Delta region","volume":"101","author":"M Bogle","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335178.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(21)05669-8","article-title":"Validity of the 24-hr. dietary recall and seven-day record for group comparisons","volume":"73","author":"M Gersovitz","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0335178.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg264","article-title":"A comparison of a food frequency questionnaire with a 24-hour recall for use in an epidemiological cohort study: results from the biomarker-based Observing Protein and Energy Nutrition (OPEN) study","volume":"32","author":"A Schatzkin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0335178.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2020.04.018","article-title":"Associations between diet, the gut microbiome, and short-chain fatty acid production among older Caribbean Latino adults","volume":"120","author":"A Maldonado-Contreras","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0335178.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300357","article-title":"Outcomes of a Latino community-based intervention for the prevention of diabetes: the Lawrence Latino Diabetes Prevention Project","volume":"102","author":"IS Ockene","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0335178.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101486","article-title":"Substantial increase in compliance with saturated fatty acid intake recommendations after one year following the American Heart Association diet","volume":"10","author":"M Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0335178.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2018.05.020","article-title":"Applications of the healthy eating index for surveillance, epidemiology, and intervention research: considerations and caveats","volume":"118","author":"SI Kirkpatrick","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0335178.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2018.05.021","article-title":"Update of the Healthy Eating Index: HEI-2015","volume":"118","author":"SM Krebs-Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0335178.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061217","article-title":"phyloseq: an R package for reproducible interactive analysis and graphics of microbiome census data","volume":"8","author":"PJ McMurdie","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0335178.ref039","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA)","author":"MJ Anderson","year":"2014"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0335178.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009442","article-title":"Multivariable association discovery in population-scale meta-omics studies","volume":"17","author":"H Mallick","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335178.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00934-6","article-title":"VALENCIA: a nearest centroid classification method for vaginal microbial communities based on composition","volume":"8","author":"MT France","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"pone.0335178.ref042","author":"M Herv\u00e9","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0335178.ref043","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in fecal calprotectin levels among pregnant women with and without inflammatory bowel disease and their babies","volume":"160","author":"ES Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0335178.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-200606000-00013","article-title":"Role of fecal calprotectin as a biomarker of intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"12","author":"MR Konikoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"pone.0335178.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639665","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.639665","article-title":"Vaginal microbiota and cytokine levels predict preterm delivery in Asian women","volume":"11","author":"M Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0335178.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002611107","article-title":"Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women","author":"J Ravel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pone.0335178.ref047","volume-title":"Average healthy eating index-2015 scores for non-pregnant non-lactating, pregnant and lactating women 20-44 years","author":"U.S. Department of Agriculture FaNS, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0335178.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2010.00943.x","article-title":"The effects of commensal bacteria on innate immune responses in the female genital tract","volume":"65","author":"P Mirmonsef","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0335178.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2011.01089.x","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids induce pro-inflammatory cytokine production alone and in combination with toll-like receptor ligands","volume":"67","author":"P Mirmonsef","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0335178.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2006.05.001","article-title":"Inflammation in preterm and term labour and delivery","volume":"11","author":"R Romero","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"pone.0335178.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.1992.tb00737.x","article-title":"Interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-1 beta in preterm and term human parturition","volume":"27","author":"R Romero","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335178.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2015.63","article-title":"Interleukin-6 controls uterine Th9 cells and CD8(+) T regulatory cells to accelerate parturition in mice","volume":"94","author":"N Gomez-Lopez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"pone.0335178.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2020.12.004","article-title":"The determinant role of IL-6 in the establishment of inflammation leading to spontaneous preterm birth","volume":"59","author":"E Prairie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"pone.0335178.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104865","article-title":"Blockade of IL-6R prevents preterm birth and adverse neonatal outcomes","volume":"98","author":"M Farias-Jofre","year":"2023","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335178.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62184-8","article-title":"Inflammatory and antimicrobial properties differ between vaginal Lactobacillus isolates from South African women with non-optimal versus optimal microbiota","volume":"10","author":"MT Manhanzva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0335178.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730986","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.730986","article-title":"Temporal changes in vaginal microbiota and genital tract cytokines among south african women treated for bacterial vaginosis","volume":"12","author":"A Mtshali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0335178.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humic.2020.100076","article-title":"Diverse vaginal microbiome was associated with pro-inflammatory vaginal milieu among pregnant women in Uganda","volume":"18","author":"L Bayigga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Microbiome J"},{"key":"pone.0335178.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750103","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.750103","article-title":"Vaginal microbiota, genital inflammation and extracellular matrix remodelling collagenase: MMP-9 in pregnant women with HIV, a potential preterm birth mechanism warranting further exploration","volume":"11","author":"C-ES Short","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0335178.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631972","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.631972","article-title":"The female vaginal microbiome in health and bacterial vaginosis","volume":"11","author":"X Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0335178.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2009.02237.x","article-title":"Predictive value for preterm birth of abnormal vaginal flora, bacterial vaginosis and aerobic vaginitis during the first trimester of pregnancy","volume":"116","author":"GG Donders","year":"2009","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0335178.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.13380","article-title":"Inflammatory mediators in bacterial vaginosis: the role of cytokines","volume":"132","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"pone.0335178.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101722","article-title":"Histological remission in inflammatory bowel disease and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: a nationwide study","volume":"53","author":"SWIBREG Study Group","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0335178.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)90617-A","article-title":"Increased risk of preterm birth for women with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"99","author":"DD Baird","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0335178.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318263","article-title":"Modulation of cytokine patterns and microbiome during pregnancy in IBD","volume":"69","author":"J van der Giessen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0335178.ref065","article-title":"Comparison of vaginal microbiota between women with inflammatory bowel disease and healthy controls","volume":"18","author":"O Bar","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0335178.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01936","article-title":"Lactobacilli dominance and vaginal pH: why is the human vaginal microbiome unique?","volume":"7","author":"EA Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0335178.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992176","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2022.992176","article-title":"Role of the human vaginal microbiota in the regulation of inflammation and sexually transmitted infection acquisition: contribution of the non-human primate model to a better understanding?","volume":"4","author":"C Adapen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Reprod Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335178.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12199","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16505-8","article-title":"Association between dietary patterns and bacterial vaginosis: a case-control study","volume":"12","author":"M Noormohammadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0335178.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.9.2128","article-title":"Dietary intake of selected nutrients affects bacterial vaginosis in women","volume":"137","author":"YH Neggers","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0335178.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702370","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.702370","article-title":"Pre-pregnancy diet and vaginal environment in caucasian pregnant women: an exploratory study","volume":"8","author":"M Dall\u2019Asta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0335178.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.01.011","article-title":"Dietary macronutrient intake and molecular-bacterial vaginosis: Role of fiber","volume":"39","author":"R Shivakoti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0335178.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-11-488","article-title":"Molecular analysis of the diversity of vaginal microbiota associated with bacterial vaginosis","volume":"11","author":"Z Ling","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0335178.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01083-2","article-title":"Towards a deeper understanding of the vaginal microbiota","volume":"7","author":"M France","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0335178.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02489-0","article-title":"Diet supporting therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"60","author":"J Kikut","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335178.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046244","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2046244","article-title":"Dietary manipulation of the gut microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease patients: Pilot study","volume":"14","author":"B Olendzki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"pone.0335178.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-13-5","article-title":"An anti-inflammatory diet as treatment for inflammatory bowel disease: a case series report","volume":"13","author":"BC Olendzki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0335178.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.05.047","article-title":"A randomized trial comparing the specific carbohydrate diet to a mediterranean diet in adults with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"161","author":"JD Lewis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0335178.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3749","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123749","article-title":"The specific carbohydrate diet and diet modification as induction therapy for pediatric Crohn\u2019s disease: a randomized diet controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"DL Suskind","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0335178","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T18:26:48Z","timestamp":1768415208000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0335178"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Machado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0335178","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]}}}