{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T02:14:34Z","timestamp":1782958474653,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often face barriers to participating in organized sports, particularly when physical education (PE) is delivered by outsourced coaches with limited training in disability inclusion. Meanwhile, large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT, DeepSeek, and Grok are increasingly used to generate educational content, yet their readability, stability, and accuracy for non-specialist educators remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n This study systematically compared three advanced LLMs, ChatGPT 5, DeepSeek V3, and Grok 4, using identical prompts related to ADHD definitions, symptoms, and medication\u2013exercise interactions. Thirty responses per model were collected. The primary endpoints were content accuracy, readability, and response stability. Readability was evaluated using the Flesch\u2013Kincaid Reading Ease score (FKRE), the Flesch\u2013Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), and the Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG), alongside measures of lexical complexity.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n All models aligned with DSM-5 in describing ADHD but differed in emphasis and stability. DeepSeek V3 produced the broadest and most variable outputs, Grok 4 showed the greatest consistency and clinical structure, and ChatGPT 5 generated concise and strengths-based explanations. However, all models exhibited high reading levels (FKGL\u2009>\u200912, FKRE\u2009<\u200940, SMOG\u2009>\u200912), exceeding recommended public-health readability standards for general audiences, which are typically around Grade 6\u20138.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n While LLMs demonstrate strong potential for generating ADHD-related educational materials, their current readability and stability limitations restrict accessibility for non-specialist educators. Future work should focus on optimizing prompt design and language calibration to enhance usability in inclusive education contexts.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0335335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T17:32:11Z","timestamp":1780335131000},"page":"e0335335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluating large language models for ADHD education: A comparative study of ChatGPT 5, DeepSeek V3, and Grok 4"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2852-1500","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xingmin","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruirui","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9104-652X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0335335.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5603","DOI":"10.3390\/su15065603","article-title":"Attentional neurodiversity in physical education lessons: a sustainable and inclusive challenge for teachers","volume":"15","author":"M Villa-de Gregorio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"pone.0335335.ref002","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. 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