{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T17:53:29Z","timestamp":1761587609064,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adolescent obesity is a growing global public health issue, contributing to the early onset of non-communicable diseases like type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disorders. In South Asia, including Afghanistan, urbanization and lifestyle changes have triggered a nutritional shift marked by unhealthy diets and reduced physical activity. Yet, research on adolescent obesity in Afghanistan, particularly in urban areas like Kandahar, is scarce. Kandahar\u2019s rapid development and cultural diversity necessitate an assessment of obesity prevalence and associated risk factors among school-going adolescents to inform health policies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 384 male adolescents (aged 10\u201319 years) in Kandahar City between February and July 2023. Height and weight were measured to calculate BMI, which was classified using CDC BMI-for-age percentiles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of overweight\/obesity was 13.3%. Multivariate analysis identified parental obesity (+10.4; p\u2009=\u20090.002), screen time \u226530 minutes\/day (+8.8; p\u2009=\u20090.011), and consumption of school canteen food (7.8; p\u2009=\u20090.037) as significant predictors of higher BMI percentiles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Targeted interventions involving Family-centered education, promotion of active lifestyles, and regulation of school nutrition are critical to address adolescent obesity in this setting. Findings are limited to male adolescents due to cultural constraints and may not be generalizable to females.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0335359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T17:49:31Z","timestamp":1761587371000},"page":"e0335359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The prevalence of overweight and obesity and the assessment of associated risk factors among school-aged adolescents in Kandahar City, Afghanistan"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Mohibullah","family":"Mako","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Najeebullah","family":"Rafiqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Azizullah","family":"Noori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6630-5742","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bilal Ahmad","family":"Rahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335359.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980011001315","article-title":"Prevalence and trends of stunting among pre-school children, 1990-2020","volume":"15","author":"M de Onis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0335359.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031882","article-title":"The role of obesity in type 2 diabetes mellitus-an overview","volume":"25","author":"P Chandrasekaran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0335359.ref003","article-title":"Childhood obesity: the health issue","author":"RJ Deckelbaum","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335359.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/17477160600586689","article-title":"Estimated burden of paediatric obesity and co-morbidities in Europe. Part 2. Numbers of children with indicators of obesity-related disease","volume":"1","author":"T Lobstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Obes"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0335359.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2014.12.004","article-title":"Risk factors of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence in South Asian countries: a systematic review of the evidence","volume":"129","author":"SK Mistry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"issue":"9793","key":"pone.0335359.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60813-1","article-title":"The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments","volume":"378","author":"BA Swinburn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10481","key":"pone.0335359.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00397-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990-2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"405","author":"GBD 2021 Adolescent BMI Collaborators","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0335359.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.23.2847","article-title":"Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999-2002","volume":"291","author":"AA Hedley","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0335359.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.6228","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity in the United States","volume":"312","author":"CL Ogden","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335359.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2005.00164.x","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity in Great Britain","volume":"6","author":"KL Rennie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"pone.0335359.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1809-z","article-title":"Country-level and individual correlates of overweight and obesity among primary school children: a cross-sectional study in seven European countries","volume":"15","author":"B Olaya","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335359.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802824","article-title":"The dual burden household and the nutrition transition paradox","volume":"29","author":"CM Doak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0335359.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1994.tb01460.x","article-title":"The nutrition transition in low-income countries: an emerging crisis","volume":"52","author":"BM Popkin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0335359.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0320039","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of overweight and obesity among Afghan school children: a cross-sectional analytical study from Kandahar City, Afghanistan","volume":"20","author":"BA Rahimi","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335359.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.1.45","article-title":"Centers for disease control and prevention 2000 growth charts for the United States: improvements to the 1977 National center for health statistics version","volume":"109","author":"CL Ogden","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335359.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12982-025-00465-1","article-title":"Risk factors of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence in Pakistan, a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Z Akbar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0335359.ref017","unstructured":"World Healt Organization. Guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep, World Heal. Organ, 4, 2019, Accessed 2025 August 29. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/325147\/WHO-NMH-PND-2019.4-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y%0A http:\/\/www.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/311664%0A https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/325147"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335359.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s40200-014-0121-2","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity and overweight in adults and children in Iran; a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"S Jafari-Adli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0335359.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2018.79001","article-title":"Prevalence of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity in Asian countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta-analysis Collaboration Group","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0335359.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601961","article-title":"Body mass index, overweight and obesity among Kuwaiti intermediate school adolescents aged 10\u201314 years","volume":"58","author":"A Al-Isa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0335359.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1080\/030144600419332","article-title":"Anthropometry of adolescent girls in Bahrain, including body fat distribution","volume":"27","author":"AO Musaiger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Hum Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0335359.ref022","article-title":"Determinants of childhood obesity among basic school children aged 6 \u2013 12 years in Tamale Metropolis","volume":"2","author":"N Amidu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Med Biomed Sci"},{"key":"pone.0335359.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345017","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1345017","article-title":"Prevalence of overweight and obesity among primary school children aged 8-13 years in dar es salaam city, Tanzania","volume":"2016","author":"IN Pangani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Prev Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0335359.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-011-1636-x","article-title":"Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and associated risk factors among school children and adolescents in Tianjin, China","volume":"171","author":"AK Andegiorgish","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"pone.0335359.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581461","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.581461","article-title":"Childhood and adolescent obesity: a review","volume":"8","author":"AR Kansra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335359.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02892-w","article-title":"Physical activity and sedentary behaviors (screen time and homework) among overweight or obese adolescents: a cross-sectional observational study in Yazd, Iran","volume":"21","author":"AM Hadianfard","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pediatrics"},{"key":"pone.0335359.ref027","article-title":"Bedtime use of technology and associated sleep problems in children","volume":"4","author":"C Fuller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob Pediatr Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335359.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-6310.2012.00085.x","article-title":"Availability and night\u2010time use of electronic entertainment and communication devices are associated with short sleep duration and obesity among Canadian children","volume":"8","author":"H Chahal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatric Obesity"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0335359.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2010.02.016","article-title":"Screen time, physical activity, and overweight in U.S. youth: national survey of children\u2019s health 2003","volume":"47","author":"SB Sisson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0335359.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8229.83369","article-title":"Overweight and obesity among school-going children of Lucknow city","volume":"18","author":"R Vohra","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Family Community Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335359.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.08.026","article-title":"Implementing school-based policies to prevent obesity: cluster randomized trial","volume":"56","author":"JR Ickovics","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0335359.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194555","article-title":"Effectiveness of school food environment policies on children\u2019s dietary behaviors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"R Micha","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0335359.ref033","first-page":"634","article-title":"Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity among urban Saudi adolescents: gender and regional variations","volume":"32","author":"HM Al-Hazzaa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0335359.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-14-86","article-title":"Prevalence of childhood obesity and overweight in Bangladesh: findings from a countrywide epidemiological study","volume":"14","author":"T Bulbul","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0335359.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012001048","article-title":"Prevalences of overweight and obesity and their association with physical activity pattern among Iranian adolescents aged 12-17 years","volume":"15","author":"K Hajian-Tilaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0335359","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T17:49:38Z","timestamp":1761587378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0335359"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Zehra","family":"Batu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0335359","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1932-6203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]]}}}