{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:35:58Z","timestamp":1772159758422,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Various studies have established a link between household fuel use and diverse health conditions. However, research examining the impact of household fuel use on migraine remains scarce. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the association between household fuel use and the risk of migraine, as well as the potential modifying effects of sleep duration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Utilizing a nationwide representative cohort from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) from 2011 to 2015, we included 9,160 participants aged 45 years and older who did not have migraine at baseline. Household fuel use was categorized into two groups: clean fuel and solid fuel. Migraine was defined based on self-reports using the ID-Migraine questionnaire. Sleep duration was classified into two groups: Non-ideal sleep duration (&lt;7 hours\/d or &gt;8 hours\/d) and ideal sleep duration (7\u20138 hours\/d). Cox proportional hazards regression models were utilized to assess the associations of solid fuel use and sleep duration with migraine. The modifying effect of sleep duration was analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During a 4-year follow-up period, 520 migraine cases were identified. The use of solid fuels was associated with an increased risk of migraine compared to the use of clean fuels. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) was 1.34 (1.06\u20131.69) for heating and 1.29 (1.06\u20131.58) for cooking with solid fuels, compared to the use of clean fuels. The use of solid fuels for heating and cooking simultaneously was also associated with an elevated risk of migraine (HR: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.16\u20132.01), compared with the simultaneous use of clean fuels. Additionally, compared with consistent solid fuels users, those switching from solid to clean fuel and consistently using clean fuels for heating and cooking showed a decreased risk of migraine. For heating, the HR was 0.66 (95% CI: 0.49\u20130.90) for switching from solid to clean fuel and 0.54 (95% CI: 0.38\u20130.77) for consistently using clean fuels; for cooking, the corresponding HRs were 0.74 (95% CI: 0.57\u20130.97) and 0.68 (95% CI: 0.53\u20130.86), respectively. Ideal sleep duration modified the association between solid fuel use and migraine. Among individuals with non-ideal sleep duration, the use of solid fuels for heating (HR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.09\u20131.97, P\u2009=\u20090.010) and cooking (HR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.02\u20131.68, P value\u2009=\u20090.034) was significantly associated with an increased risk of migraine. In contrast, these associations were not statistically significant among those with ideal sleep duration (heating: HR: 1.13, 95% CI: 0.77\u20131.65, P\u2009=\u20090.537; cooking: HR: 1.28, 95% CI: 0.90\u20131.81, P\u2009=\u20090.165).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Household solid fuel use was associated with an increased risk of migraine, and this association was modified by ideal sleep duration. Reducing exposure to household air pollution from solid fuel use and promoting healthy sleep behaviors may help to reduce the burden of migraine in areas where solid fuel use is prevalent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0335407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T18:21:42Z","timestamp":1764613302000},"page":"e0335407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Household fuel use and migraine among Chinese adults aged 45 years and older: The modifying effects of sleep"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3412-8301","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiamin","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaomei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bangxian","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minzhe","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiqiang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0335407.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1915327","article-title":"Migraine","volume":"383","author":"M Ashina","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335407.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-020-01208-0","article-title":"Migraine remains second among the world\u2019s causes of disability, and first among young women: findings from GBD2019","volume":"21","author":"Lifting The Burden: the Global Campaign against Headache","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0335407.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00763-1","article-title":"Global epidemiology of migraine and its implications for public health and health policy","volume":"19","author":"TJ Steiner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0335407.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2011.02061.x","article-title":"The prevalence and burden of primary headaches in China: a population-based door-to-door survey","volume":"52","author":"S Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0335407.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1206429","article-title":"Health and household air pollution from solid fuel use: the need for improved exposure assessment","volume":"121","author":"ML Clark","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"pone.0335407.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105991","article-title":"Solid fuel users\u2019 perceptions of household solid fuel use in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review","volume":"143","author":"A McCarron","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"pone.0335407.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chieco.2023.102005","article-title":"Households\u2019 participation in energy transition and sustained use of clean energy: Evidence from China\u2019s clean heating program","volume":"80","author":"M Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"China Economic Review"},{"issue":"43","key":"pone.0335407.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2024.227","article-title":"Rate and change in household solid fuels usage among residents aged 40 and older - China, from 2014-2015 to 2019-2020","volume":"6","author":"W Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0335407.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201709-1861OC","article-title":"Association between household air pollution exposure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease outcomes in 13 low- and middle-income country settings","volume":"197","author":"T Siddharthan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0335407.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.21.0570","article-title":"Household air pollution and COPD: cause and effect or confounding by other aspects of poverty?","volume":"26","author":"K Mortimer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"pone.0335407.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142460","article-title":"The effects of indoor air pollution from solid fuel use on cognitive function among middle-aged and older population in China","volume":"754","author":"Y Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pone.0335407.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nexus.2024.100304","article-title":"Burden of headaches, eye irritation and respiratory symptoms among females stacking LPG with polluting cooking fuels: Modelling from peri-urban Cameroon, Ghana & Kenya","volume":"14","author":"K Parvizi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Nexus"},{"key":"pone.0335407.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107523","article-title":"Effects of air pollution on the nervous system and its possible role in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"210","author":"LG Costa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"pone.0335407.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959921","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.959921","article-title":"Different components of air pollutants and neurological disorders","volume":"10","author":"C Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0335407.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13358","article-title":"Sleep disorders and migraine: review of literature and potential pathophysiology mechanisms","volume":"58","author":"A Vgontzas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0335407.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008740","article-title":"Nightly sleep duration, fragmentation, and quality and daily risk of migraine","volume":"94","author":"SM Bertisch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0335407.ref017","article-title":"Associations between sleep quality and migraine frequency: a cross-sectional case-control study","volume":"95","author":"Y-K Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"pone.0335407.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120022","article-title":"The relationship between air pollution and dementia in mood disorders: The moderating role of sleep patterns-- A prospective study from the UK Biobank","volume":"391","author":"R Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0335407.ref019","article-title":"Role of sleep quality in the acceleration of biological aging and its potential for preventive interaction on air pollution insults: Findings from the UK Biobank cohort","volume":"21","author":"X Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0335407.ref020","article-title":"Migraine - A Comprehensive Review","volume":"5","author":"P Ravisankar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pharmaceutical Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0335407.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000078940.53438.83","article-title":"A self-administered screener for migraine in primary care: The ID Migraine validation study","volume":"61","author":"RB Lipton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0335407.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2024.101518","article-title":"Associations of type 2 diabetes and the risk of migraine in Chinese populations","volume":"50","author":"J Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335407.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-025-02648-w","article-title":"The value of triglyceride-glucose index-related indices in evaluating migraine: perspectives from multi-centre cross-sectional studies and machine learning models","volume":"24","author":"Z Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"pone.0335407.ref024","volume-title":"WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: household fuel combustion","author":"WH Organization","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0335407.ref025","article-title":"Sleep duration and health in adults: an overview of systematic reviews","volume":"45","author":"J-P Chaput","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335407.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2014.12.010","article-title":"National Sleep Foundation\u2019s sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary","volume":"1","author":"M Hirshkowitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335407.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-024-04657-3","article-title":"Interaction between diabetes and body mass index on severe headache or migraine in adults: a cross-sectional study","volume":"24","author":"S Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0335407.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14640","article-title":"Association between secondhand smoke exposure and severe headaches or migraine in never-smoking adults","volume":"63","author":"J Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335407.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-023-01614-0","article-title":"Debate: differences and similarities between tension-type headache and migraine","volume":"24","author":"D Onan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335407.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_21_17","article-title":"Health impact on women using solid cooking fuels in rural area of Cuttack district, Odisha","volume":"7","author":"I Mohapatra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335407.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2006.043133","article-title":"Eye discomfort, headache and back pain among Mayan Guatemalan women taking part in a randomised stove intervention trial","volume":"61","author":"E D\u00edaz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"pone.0335407.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nexus.2024.100304","article-title":"Burden of headaches, eye irritation and respiratory symptoms among females stacking LPG with polluting cooking fuels: Modelling from peri-urban Cameroon, Ghana & Kenya","volume":"14","author":"K Parvizi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Nexus"},{"key":"pone.0335407.ref033","article-title":"Migraine pathophysiology: anatomy of the trigeminovascular pathway and associated neurological symptoms, cortical spreading depression, sensitization, and modulation of pain","author":"R Noseda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"pone.0335407.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.aian_1138_21","article-title":"Air pollution and headache disorders","volume":"25","author":"D Garg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0335407.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157102","article-title":"Ambient NO2 exposure induces migraine in rats: Evidence, mechanisms and interventions","volume":"844","author":"S Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0335407.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102414534085","article-title":"Carbon monoxide may be an important molecule in migraine and other headaches","volume":"34","author":"N Arngrim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0335407.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11696","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182111696","article-title":"Sleep disorders in cancer-a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"A B\u00fcttner-Teleag\u0103","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0335407.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S134864","article-title":"Short- and long-term health consequences of sleep disruption","volume":"9","author":"G Medic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Sci Sleep"},{"key":"pone.0335407.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955298","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.955298","article-title":"Association between sleep quality, migraine and migraine burden","volume":"13","author":"S Duan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0335407.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13313","article-title":"Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia to reduce chronic migraine: a sequential bayesian analysis","volume":"58","author":"TA Smitherman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Headache"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0335407.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13777","article-title":"Digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in women with chronic migraines","volume":"60","author":"MR Crawford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"pone.0335407.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2017.00065","article-title":"Plasticity during sleep is linked to specific regulation of cortical circuit activity","volume":"11","author":"N Niethard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neural Circuits"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0335407.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00012181","article-title":"Cortical excitability in migraine","volume":"1","author":"J \u00c1fra","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"pone.0335407.ref044","article-title":"Migraine pathophysiology: anatomy of the trigeminovascular pathway and associated neurological symptoms, CSD, sensitization and modulation of pain","author":"R Noseda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0335407.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2012.8.2.89","article-title":"Sensitization of the trigeminovascular pathway: perspective and implications to migraine pathophysiology","volume":"8","author":"C Bernstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0335407.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.2174\/157015910792246155","article-title":"Antiinflammatory activity of melatonin in central nervous system","volume":"8","author":"E Esposito","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0335407.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S228577","article-title":"Role of melatonin in the regulation of pain","volume":"13","author":"S Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"6315","key":"pone.0335407.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah4968","article-title":"Mechanisms linking circadian clocks, sleep, and neurodegeneration","volume":"354","author":"ES Musiek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0335407.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.104832","article-title":"The wrinkling of time: Aging, inflammation, oxidative stress, and the circadian clock in neurodegeneration","volume":"139","author":"BV Lananna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0335407.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.2003.00550.x","article-title":"Stress, anxiety, depression and migraine","volume":"23","author":"C Wacogne","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"pone.0335407.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S480054","article-title":"Impact of indoor air pollutants on the cardiovascular health outcomes of older adults: systematic review","volume":"19","author":"N Ndlovu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335407.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-013-0001-5","article-title":"Susceptibility of older adults to health effects induced by ambient air pollutants regulated by the European Union and the United States","volume":"25","author":"KL Shumake","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"pone.0335407.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0072-9752(10)97007-3","article-title":"The neurobiology of migraine","volume":"97","author":"A Charles","year":"2010","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"pone.0335407.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108464","article-title":"Effects of long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter and its specific components on blood pressure and hypertension incidence","volume":"184","author":"L Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"pone.0335407.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00014","article-title":"Environmental and health impacts of air pollution: a review","volume":"8","author":"I Manisalidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Public Health"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0335407","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T18:21:50Z","timestamp":1764613310000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0335407"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Dereje Oljira","family":"Donacho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0335407","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}}}