{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T18:36:52Z","timestamp":1762454212458,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006751","name":"U.S. Army","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W911QY1810001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W911QY1810001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006751","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In southern Zambia, malaria transmission is low, with outdoor biting\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      mosquitoes playing a significant role in malaria transmission. Locals cook in outdoor, open-walled kitchen shelters, exposing them to these outdoor biting vectors and malaria. Volatile pyrethroid spatial emanators (SE) operate through a mode of action which could provide local protection around these kitchens. In this study, SE devices containing the pyrethroid transfluthrin were deployed to local kitchens, where human landing collection (HLC) was utilized to determine differences in host-landing rates associated with protection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty-one households from two villages were enrolled in the study in clusters of five (or six) and randomly assigned a treatment by cluster. Local mosquito collectors were recruited and trained to conduct HLCs from 18:00\u201306:00 once per week for 15 weeks. SE and placebo devices were replaced monthly. Following collection, mosquitoes were returned to the lab for morphological identification. Results were analyzed in R with negative binomial generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) considering all-night and per-hour capture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 3021 mosquitoes were collected during the follow-up period, with\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      species composing roughly half of all specimens.\n                      <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                      activity was lower in SE protected kitchens based on all night and hourly comparisons. Mosquito activity was highest in the middle of the night, and SE was not significantly associated with protection between 18:00\u201321:00. SE usage appeared to reduce mosquito host-seeking activity by approximately 65\u201370%, with this efficacy appearing to diminish gradually over time to approximately 20\u201325% four weeks after opening, at which point they were replaced. Culicine mosquito behavior was not significantly impacted by the SE.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The SE device provided protection to individuals within protected kitchen structures overnight and during most hours of the night. The number of mosquitoes was lowest during the early collection hours between 18:00\u201321:00, a period in which the SE devices did not significantly impact mosquito host-seeking behavior. This result has implications for this use-case and should be further explored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0335514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T18:33:26Z","timestamp":1762454006000},"page":"e0335514","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy of a volatile pyrethroid spatial emanator (SE) in reducing Anopheles host-seeking in outdoor kitchens in Southern Zambia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7135-2543","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Timothy A.","family":"Burton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Limonty","family":"Simubali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lewis Hambayi","family":"Kabinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Moono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pebble","family":"Moono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer C.","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monicah Mirai","family":"Mburu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Simulundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neil F.","family":"Lobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7572","key":"pone.0335514.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15535","article-title":"The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015","volume":"526","author":"S Bhatt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"volume-title":"Guidelines for malaria vector control","year":"2019","author":"World Health Organization WHO","key":"pone.0335514.ref002"},{"key":"pone.0335514.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0766-4","article-title":"\u201cA bite before bed\u201d: exposure to malaria vectors outside the times of net use in the highlands of western Kenya","volume":"14","author":"MK Cooke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pone.0335514.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2016.09.012","article-title":"Increased outdoor biting tendency of Anopheles arabiensis and its challenge for malaria control in Central Ethiopia","volume":"141","author":"S Kibret","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0335514.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-331","article-title":"Increasing role of Anopheles funestus and Anopheles arabiensis in malaria transmission in the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania","volume":"13","author":"DW Lwetoijera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0335514.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0614","article-title":"Reemergence of Anopheles funestus as a vector of Plasmodium falciparum in western Kenya after long-term implementation of insecticide-treated bed nets","volume":"90","author":"RS Mccann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0335514.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104967","article-title":"Human exposure to early morning Anopheles funestus biting behavior and personal protection provided by long-lasting insecticidal nets","volume":"9","author":"N Moiroux","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335514.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-3076-4","article-title":"Impact of vector control interventions on malaria transmission intensity, outdoor vector biting rates and Anopheles mosquito species composition in Tororo, Uganda","volume":"18","author":"AK Musiime","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pone.0335514.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-80","article-title":"Increased proportions of outdoor feeding among residual malaria vector populations following increased use of insecticide-treated nets in rural Tanzania","volume":"10","author":"TL Russell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pone.0335514.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sougoufara S, Di\u00e9dhiou SM, Doucour\u00e9 S, Diagne N, Semb\u00e8ne PM, Harry M, et al. 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