{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T17:03:41Z","timestamp":1777136621451,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82160197"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82160197"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Dopamine is known to play a role in the development of myopia. In this study, we investigated the effect of dopamine (DA) on the secretion of transforming growth factor-\u03b22 (TGF-\u03b22) in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Additionally, we examined the effects of SCH23390 (D1 receptor antagonist) and sulpiride (D2 receptor antagonist) on TGF-\u03b22 levels in ARPE-19 cells to elucidate the underlying mechanism of DA in myopia development.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Human RPE cells were cultured with or without different concentrations of DA, SCH23390, or sulpiride. Cell proliferation was examined using the CCK-8 assay. Cell migration was assessed by performing a cell scratch (wound healing) assay. The expression of TGF-\u03b22 was evaluated at the mRNA and protein levels by real-time PCR and western blotting, respectively. Furthermore, the secretion of TGF-\u03b22 into the ARPE-19 cell supernatant was quantified using ELISA.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Treatment with 20 \u03bcg\/mL of DA significantly increased (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05) the mRNA and protein expression levels of DRD1, DRD2, YAP, and TEAD and decreased TGF-\u03b22 levels compared with that in control group. However, treatment with 24 \u03bcg\/mL of SCH23390 for 24\u2009h significantly decreased (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05)\n DRD1<\/jats:italic>\n and\n TGF-\u03b22<\/jats:italic>\n mRNA expression and increased\n DRD2<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n YAP<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n TEAD<\/jats:italic>\n mRNA expression in ARPE-19 cells compared with that in the control group. Additionally, the protein expression levels of TGF-\u03b22, YAP, TEAD, and SMAD7 were consistent with the mRNA levels. Notably, treatment with sulpiride (14 \u03bcg\/mL) increased (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05)\n DRD1<\/jats:italic>\n and\n TGF-\u03b22<\/jats:italic>\n expression and decreased\n DRD2<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n YAP<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n TEAD<\/jats:italic>\n expression in the cells at both the mRNA and protein levels compared with that in the control group.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Our findings suggest that dopamine suppresses TGF-\u03b22 secretion in human retinal pigment epithelial cells primarily through activation of D2 receptors, which appears to involve the YAP-TGF-\u03b2-Smad signaling pathway. This regulatory mechanism may contribute to the control of scleral remodeling and thus influence the development of myopia.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0335526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T18:36:01Z","timestamp":1762281361000},"page":"e0335526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of dopamine on TGF-\u03b22 secretion by human retinal pigment epithelial cells and the underlying 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