{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:13:47Z","timestamp":1791292427529,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Netherland Entrprise Agency","award":["MOOI22004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOOI22004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bat populations are facing numerous challenges due to human activities, and the development of solar energy in agricultural landscapes may add to these issues. Effects of solar fields on bat populations are still poorly understood. In this study, we compared bat activity in six solar fields that each had two grassland controls (agricultural grassland and natural meadows). Using passive bat detectors, bat calls were recorded along the edges of these plots, where the highest bat species diversity and activity were expected. The effects of landscape composition and configuration on the diversity, presence, and activity of different bat species were evaluated for each plot type at yearly, seasonal, and monthly scales. All seven bat species studied were less active in the solar fields compared to the two grassland controls. Specifically, both the number of nights that bats were present and the activity of bats were reduced in solar fields. As the number of solar fields keeps increasing in the agricultural landscape, it is thus essential to monitor their effect on the population levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0335581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T17:30:37Z","timestamp":1780335037000},"page":"e0335581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Solar fields in farmlands, their impact on bat presence and activity"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2890-9315","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chlo\u00e9","family":"Tavernier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rascha","family":"Nuijten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"Buij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"van Langevelde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335581.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14045","article-title":"A review of the major threats and challenges to global bat conservation","volume":"1469","author":"WF Frick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0335581.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2003.00856.x","article-title":"Bat activity and species richness on organic and conventional farms: impact of agricultural intensification","volume":"40","author":"LP Wickramasinghe","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0335581.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-7397-8_21","article-title":"Impacts of wind energy development on bats: Implications for conservation.","author":"EB Arnett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bat evolution, ecology, and conservation. New York, NY: Springer New York"},{"key":"pone.0335581.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.08.030","article-title":"Renewable energy and biodiversity: Implications for transitioning to a Green Economy","volume":"70","author":"A Gasparatos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335581.ref005","first-page":"7","article-title":"Hibernating bats in the Netherlands in 1986-2020, based on the National Monitoring Scheme of Bat Hibernacula","volume":"65","author":"ML Haye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lutra"},{"key":"pone.0335581.ref006","unstructured":"Agreement on the Conservation of Populations of European Bats. https:\/\/www.eurobats.org\/"},{"key":"pone.0335581.ref007","author":"GR Timilsina","year":"2011","journal-title":"A review of solar energy: markets, economics and policies"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0335581.ref008","first-page":"2","article-title":"Evaluating potential effects of solar power facilities on wildlife from an animal behavior perspective","volume":"3","author":"RY Chock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Conserv Sci Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335581.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.13457","article-title":"Limitations, lack of standardization, and recommended best practices in studies of renewable energy effects on birds and bats","volume":"35","author":"TJ Conkling","year":"2021","journal-title":"Conserv Biol"},{"key":"pone.0335581.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159316","article-title":"Reconciling climate action with the need for biodiversity protection, restoration and rehabilitation","volume":"857","author":"CE Gorman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pone.0335581.ref011","article-title":"Biodiversity impacts of land occupation for renewable energy infrastructure in a globally connected world","author":"J Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335581.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82042-5","article-title":"The potential land requirements and related land use change emissions of solar energy","volume":"11","author":"DJ Van De Ven","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0335581.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2024.131617","article-title":"Mitigation of land-related impacts of solar deployment in the European Union through land planning policies","volume":"302","author":"N Ferreras-Alonso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0335581.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.14555","article-title":"Insectivorous bats alter their flight and feeding behaviour at ground\u2010mounted solar farms","volume":"61","author":"K Barr\u00e9","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0335581.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.22216","article-title":"Utility\u2010scale solar impacts to volant wildlife","volume":"86","author":"KS Smallwood","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Wildl Manag"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0335581.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.14474","article-title":"Renewable energies and biodiversity: Impact of ground\u2010mounted solar photovoltaic sites on bat activity","volume":"60","author":"E Tinsley","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0335581.ref017","article-title":"The use of solar farms by bats in mosaic landscapes: implications for conservation","volume":"2023","author":"KL Szabadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Global Ecology and Conservation"},{"key":"pone.0335581.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-3439-3_10","article-title":"Detrimental effects of agrochemical-based agricultural intensification on biodiversity: Evidence from some past studies.","author":"OA Akinsorotan","year":"2023","journal-title":"One health implications of agrochemicals and their sustainable alternatives. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore"},{"key":"pone.0335581.ref019","first-page":"1","article-title":"From promise to practice. A landscape perspective on discrepancies between permit documentation and built solar power plants","author":"M Enserink","year":"2025","journal-title":"Landsc Res"},{"key":"pone.0335581.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baae.2022.05.002","article-title":"Not only hedgerows, but also flower fields can enhance bat activity in intensively used agricultural landscapes","volume":"63","author":"CH Krings","year":"2022","journal-title":"Basic and Applied Ecology"},{"key":"pone.0335581.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actao.2016.01.009","article-title":"Effects of hedgerows on bats and bush crickets at different spatial scales","volume":"71","author":"A Lacoeuilhe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Oecologica"},{"key":"pone.0335581.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2016.09.002","article-title":"Seasonal activity patterns of European bats above intensively used farmland","volume":"233","author":"O Heim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric Ecosyst Environ"},{"key":"pone.0335581.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2007.07.031","article-title":"Habitat use varies with reproductive state in noctule bats (Nyctalus noctula): Implications for conservation","author":"IJ Mackie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"key":"pone.0335581.ref024","unstructured":"Wildlife Acoustics Inc. Kaleidoscope Pro. 2024. https:\/\/www.wildlifeacoustics.com\/uploads\/user-guides\/Kaleidoscope11112024.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0335581.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2017.03.023","article-title":"Testing the performances of automated identification of bat echolocation calls: A request for prudence","volume":"78","author":"J Rydell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol Indic"},{"key":"pone.0335581.ref026","author":"S Titley","year":"2024"},{"key":"pone.0335581.ref027","article-title":"Bat event in solar field and control grasslands sampled in 2024","author":"C Tavernier"},{"key":"pone.0335581.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2014.08.028","article-title":"Multi-scale ecology of insectivorous bats in agricultural landscapes","volume":"199","author":"O Kalda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric Ecosyst Environ"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0335581.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baae.2005.07.011","article-title":"Interacting effects of landscape context and habitat quality on flower visiting insects in agricultural landscapes","volume":"7","author":"D Kleijn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Basic and Applied Ecology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335581.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12034","article-title":"Landscape connectivity, habitat structure and activity of bat guilds in farmland\u2010dominated matrices","volume":"50","author":"A Frey\u2010Ehrenbold","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0335581.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.04617","article-title":"landscapemetrics \u00a0: an open\u2010source R tool to calculate landscape metrics","volume":"42","author":"MHK Hesselbarth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"pone.0335581.ref032","unstructured":"QGIS. 2025. https:\/\/docs.qgis.org\/3.40\/en\/docs\/index.html#"},{"key":"pone.0335581.ref033","unstructured":"RCore Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. 2025. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"pone.0335581.ref034","author":"J Oksanen","year":"2001"},{"key":"pone.0335581.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066","article-title":"glmmTMB balances speed and flexibility among packages for zero-inflated generalized linear mixed modeling","author":"ME Brooks","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335581.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1890\/13-0133.1","article-title":"Rarefaction and extrapolation with Hill numbers: a framework for sampling and estimation in species diversity studies","volume":"84","author":"A Chao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol Monogr"},{"key":"pone.0335581.ref037","author":"TC Hsieh","year":"2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0335581.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mambio.2014.10.004","article-title":"Mitigating the impacts of agriculture on biodiversity: bats and their potential role as bioindicators","volume":"80","author":"KJ Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mamm Biol"},{"key":"pone.0335581.ref039","volume-title":"Bats of Britain and Europe","author":"C Dietz","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0335581.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.2307\/2404918","article-title":"Habitat use by bats (Chiroptera) assessed by means of a broad-band acoustic method","volume":"34","author":"N Vaughan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0335581.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2022.108318","article-title":"Diverse agricultural landscapes increase bat activity and diversity: implications for biological pest control","volume":"345","author":"A Tortosa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agric Ecosyst Environ"},{"key":"pone.0335581.ref042","first-page":"126","author":"C Harrison","journal-title":"Evidence review of the impact of solar farms on birds, bats and general ecology"},{"key":"pone.0335581.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2021.107780","article-title":"Effects of adjacent habitat on nocturnal flying insects in vineyards and implications for bat foraging","volume":"326","author":"PN Chaperon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric Ecosyst Environ"},{"key":"pone.0335581.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/21658005.2014.999501","article-title":"Impact of night-time crop harvesting on bat activity in agricultural landscape","author":"T Pluci\u0144ski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zool Ecol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0335581.ref045","article-title":"Bat activity at ecovoltaic solar energy developments in the Midwestern United States","volume":"63","author":"KE Szoldatits","year":"2025","journal-title":"Global Ecology and Conservation"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0335581.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3300","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.70205","article-title":"Managing hedgerows for biodiversity: Disentangling the effects of trimming, structure and connectivity on the use of linear features by bats","volume":"62","author":"N Tarcy","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0335581.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3390\/d10030072","article-title":"The Relative Effects of Local and Landscape Characteristics of Hedgerows on Bats","volume":"10","author":"A Lacoeuilhe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diversity"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0335581","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T17:30:45Z","timestamp":1780335045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0335581"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Boscutti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0335581","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]}}}