{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:21:26Z","timestamp":1791472886500,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ZR2021MH264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021MH264"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are ubiquitous in our environment, and their associations with sarcopenia are unknown. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between VOCs exposure and sarcopenia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from 2429 U.S. adults (aged\u2009\u2265\u200920 years) were extracted from the NHANES (2011\u20132018). Logistic regression, LASSO, Weighted Quantile Sum (WQS) and Bayesian Kernel Machine regression (BKMR) analyses were used to assess the associations between VOCs and sarcopenia. Mediation analysis tested roles of inflammation and oxidative stress in this association. The underlying mechanisms were further investigated through database enrichment analysis, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among the 2429 adults included, 1213 (49.9%) were male, 1216 (50.1%) were female, and the median age was 39 years (interquartile range, 29\u201349 years), with a prevalence of sarcopenia of 8.03%. According to the logistic analysis, nine mVOCs were significantly associated with sarcopenia, with N-acetyl-S-(3,4-dihydroxybutyl)-L-cysteine (DHBMA) identified as a potential independent risk factor (odds ratio [OR], 4.51 [95% CI: 1.7\u201312.1]). WQS analysis revealed a positive association between LASSO-selected 12 mVOCs and sarcopenia (OR 1.39 [95% CI: 1.17\u20131.90]). BKMR analysis further confirmed this association, with DHBMA showing a significant contribution. Mediation analysis confirmed that inflammation and oxidative stress exert mediating effects. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses indicated that its effects are exerted through the TNF and PI3K\u2013Akt signaling pathways, and that DHBMA binds stably to AKT1.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This nationally representative cross-sectional study revealed a positive correlation between exposure to mVOCs and sarcopenia via TNF and PI3K\u2013Akt signaling pathways. DHBMA plays a potentially pivotal role in this association.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0335660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T17:31:11Z","timestamp":1761931871000},"page":"e0335660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exposure to volatile organic compounds increases the risk of sarcopenia: Insights into association and mechanism"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Maosheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanbin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenlong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4602-2518","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335660.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy106","article-title":"The prevalence of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults, an exploration of differences between studies and within definitions: a systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"48","author":"AJ Mayhew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0335660.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-018-4381-4","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence of sarcopenia in post acute inpatient rehabilitation","volume":"29","author":"I Churilov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335660.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169548","article-title":"Health Outcomes of Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"C Beaudart","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0335660.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glw327","article-title":"Clinical Definitions of Sarcopenia and Risk of Hospitalization in Community-Dwelling Older Men: The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study","volume":"72","author":"PM Cawthon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0335660.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12411","article-title":"Sarcopenia and its association with falls and fractures in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"SSY Yeung","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335660.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/1747-0080.12287","article-title":"Sarcopenia and hospitalisation costs in older adults: a cross-sectional study","volume":"74","author":"AC Antunes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr Diet"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0335660.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.064071","article-title":"Sarcopenia and Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"147","author":"AA Damluji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0335660.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1159\/000530241","article-title":"Higher Risk of Sarcopenia in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: NHANES 1999-2018","volume":"16","author":"S Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obes Facts"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0335660.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051293","article-title":"Sarcopenia: A Contemporary Health Problem among Older Adult Populations","volume":"12","author":"SK Papadopoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"pone.0335660.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.133005","article-title":"Association between manganese exposure in heavy metals mixtures and the prevalence of sarcopenia in US adults from NHANES 2011-2018","volume":"464","author":"Q Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0335660.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-023-1933-x","article-title":"Association between Household Solid Fuel Use and Sarcopenia Risk among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in China: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"27","author":"M Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"pone.0335660.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116634","article-title":"Health effect of multiple air pollutant mixture on sarcopenia among middle-aged and older adults in China","volume":"281","author":"Y Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"pone.0335660.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137489","article-title":"Environmental and human health impacts of volatile organic compounds: A perspective review","volume":"313","author":"X Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335660.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2007.10.003","article-title":"Indoor air quality investigation according to age of the school buildings in Korea","volume":"90","author":"J Sohn","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0335660.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.20119","article-title":"Measurements of volatile organic compounds in the earth\u2019s atmosphere using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry","volume":"26","author":"J de Gouw","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom Rev"},{"key":"pone.0335660.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135422","article-title":"Exposure to volatile organic compounds and growth indicators in adolescents: Unveiling the association and potential intervention strategies","volume":"477","author":"J Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"pone.0335660.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.167915","article-title":"Serum HDL partially mediates the association between exposure to volatile organic compounds and kidney stones: A nationally representative cross-sectional study from NHANES","volume":"907","author":"M Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0335660.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183602","article-title":"Benzene exposure is associated with cardiovascular disease risk","volume":"12","author":"W Abplanalp","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0335660.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.141485","article-title":"Combined association of urinary volatile organic compounds with chronic bronchitis and emphysema among adults in NHANES 2011-2014: The mediating role of inflammation","volume":"361","author":"Y Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"pone.0335660.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.129650","article-title":"Cancer risk assessment for exposure to hazardous volatile organic compounds in Calgary, Canada","volume":"272","author":"Y Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335660.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18065-0","article-title":"Association between blood volatile organic aromatic compound concentrations and hearing loss in US adults","volume":"24","author":"S Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0335660.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7022","article-title":"Effects of 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, and their photochemical degradation products on human lung cells","volume":"112","author":"M Doyle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"pone.0335660.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.124669","article-title":"Moderate BMI accumulation modified associations between blood benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) and phenotypic aging: mediating roles of inflammation and oxidative stress","volume":"360","author":"B Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"pone.0335660.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101545","article-title":"Oxidative stress pathways of air pollution mediated toxicity: Recent insights","volume":"34","author":"RS Gangwar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0335660.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000101","article-title":"Mitochondria Initiate and Regulate Sarcopenia","volume":"45","author":"SE Alway","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"pone.0335660.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.01045","article-title":"The Role of Inflammation in Age-Related Sarcopenia","volume":"8","author":"S Dalle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0335660.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9724","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189724","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Etiology, Nutritional Approaches, and miRNAs","volume":"22","author":"R Cannataro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0335660.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2010.052","article-title":"Association between serum alkaline phosphatase and C-reactive protein in the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006","volume":"48","author":"M Webber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"issue":"32","key":"pone.0335660.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79437","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-27717-4","article-title":"Using three statistical methods to analyze the association between aldehyde exposure and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress","volume":"30","author":"X Zang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0335660.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2011.02.002","article-title":"Urinary phthalate metabolites in relation to biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress: NHANES 1999-2006","volume":"111","author":"KK Ferguson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"pone.0335660.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2012.04.009","article-title":"Simultaneous analysis of 28 urinary VOC metabolites using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI\/MSMS)","volume":"750","author":"KU Alwis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal Chim Acta"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0335660.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2016.03.028","article-title":"Sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity and inflammation: Results from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"35","author":"JA Batsis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0335660.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.11.012","article-title":"Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and measures of oxidative stress, inflammation and renal function in adolescents: NHANES 2003-2008","volume":"144","author":"SF Farzan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"pone.0335660.ref034","author":"S Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exposure to phthalates and their alternatives in relation to biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in adults: Evidence from NHANES 2017-2018"},{"key":"pone.0335660.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.141825","article-title":"Single and mixed effects of multiple volatile organic compounds exposure on hematological parameters in the U.S. adult population","volume":"355","author":"Y Zhuang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0335660.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2024.05.030","article-title":"Higher dietary live microbe intake is associated with a lower risk of sarcopenia","volume":"43","author":"K Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335660.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s13253-014-0180-3","article-title":"Characterization of Weighted Quantile Sum Regression for Highly Correlated Data in a Risk Analysis Setting","volume":"20","author":"C Carrico","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Agric Biol Environ Stat"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335660.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-018-0413-y","article-title":"Statistical software for analyzing the health effects of multiple concurrent exposures via Bayesian kernel machine regression","volume":"17","author":"JF Bobb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0335660.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422421000135","article-title":"Understanding the role of smoking and chronic excess alcohol consumption on reduced caloric intake and the development of sarcopenia","volume":"35","author":"K Prokopidis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0335660.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-014-0161-y","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence, and clinical impact of sarcopenia: facts, numbers, and epidemiology-update 2014","volume":"5","author":"JE Morley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0335660.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2007.06.012","article-title":"Human health effects of air pollution","volume":"151","author":"M Kampa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335660.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12362","article-title":"Adverse effects of acrolein, a ubiquitous environmental toxicant, on muscle regeneration and mass","volume":"10","author":"H-J Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0335660.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19920106","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) organic cyanide and inorganic cyanide on muscle and bone development in a Nigerian breed of dog","volume":"68","author":"C Ibebunjo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0335660.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2017.01.005","article-title":"1,3-Butadiene-induced mitochondrial dysfunction is correlated with mitochondrial CYP2E1 activity in Collaborative Cross mice","volume":"378","author":"JH Hartman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"pone.0335660.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122745","article-title":"The association between urinary levels of 1,3-butadiene metabolites, cardiovascular risk factors, microparticles, and oxidative stress products in adolescents and young adults","volume":"396","author":"C-Y Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0335660.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.5487\/TR.2017.33.3.233","article-title":"Xylene Induces Oxidative Stress and Mitochondria Damage in Isolated Human Lymphocytes","volume":"33","author":"A Salimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol Res"},{"key":"pone.0335660.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.05.008","article-title":"Association of long term exposure to outdoor volatile organic compounds (BTXS) with pro-inflammatory biomarkers and hematologic parameters in urban adults: A cross-sectional study in Tabriz, Iran","volume":"180","author":"MT Samadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0335660.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e37015","article-title":"Effects of exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) content from paint on automobile paint workers in Nsukka, South Eastern Nigeria","volume":"10","author":"JO Ogbodo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"pone.0335660.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2019.09.007","article-title":"Platelet and white blood cell count are independently associated with sarcopenia: A nationwide population-based study","volume":"183","author":"HS Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0335660.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3000605211004226","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605211004226","article-title":"Relationship between serum bilirubin concentration and sarcopenia in patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study","volume":"49","author":"C Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"pone.0335660.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118344","article-title":"Independent and combined effects of volatile organic compounds on sarcopenia: Insights into environmental pollutants and muscle health","volume":"298","author":"H Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"pone.0335660.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2025.138929","article-title":"Volatile organic compounds exposure, biological ageing, and increased sarcopenia risk: Association, interaction, and mechanistic exploration","volume":"495","author":"L Hong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"pone.0335660.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-1435-3_6","article-title":"The Role of IGF-1 Signaling in Skeletal Muscle Atrophy","volume":"1088","author":"LT Timmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0335660.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2308","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.204614","article-title":"Curcumin (CUMINUP60\u00ae) mitigates exercise fatigue through regulating PI3K\/Akt\/AMPK\/mTOR pathway in mice","volume":"15","author":"M Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0335660.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10735-025-10411-9","article-title":"Quercetin prevents sarcopenia by reversing oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage","volume":"56","author":"J Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Mol Histol"},{"key":"pone.0335660.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2017.01.006","article-title":"Frailty and sarcopenia: The potential role of an aged immune system","volume":"36","author":"D Wilson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0335660.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1039\/D5EM00181A","article-title":"Urine volatile organic compounds in predicting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risk in a national observational study","volume":"27","author":"S Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ Sci Process Impacts"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0335660.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2520906","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2025.2520906","article-title":"Exploring the association between volatile organic compound exposure and chronic kidney disease: evidence from explainable machine learning methods","volume":"47","author":"L Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0335660.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5949","DOI":"10.1021\/cr300174a","article-title":"Volatile organic compounds of lung cancer and possible biochemical pathways","volume":"112","author":"M Hakim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem Rev"},{"key":"pone.0335660.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118050","article-title":"Assessing the impact of volatile organic compounds on cardiovascular health: Insights from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2020","volume":"293","author":"L Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0335660","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T17:31:24Z","timestamp":1761931884000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0335660"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Nir Y.","family":"Krakauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0335660","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]}}}