{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T20:44:23Z","timestamp":1792269863895,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD83543501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD83543501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R24 ES03088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R24 ES03088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5T32HD101364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T32HD101364"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ambient air pollutants such as particulate matter (PM), ozone (O\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), and nitrogen dioxide (NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) have been associated with lower lung function among children. However, the reported associations could be due to correlation with other pollutants.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigate the relationships between exposures to eight ambient air pollutants and children\u2019s lung function and apply mixture analysis to identify key contributors to health effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The Children\u2019s Health and Air Pollution Study (CHAPS) in Fresno, California, is a prospective cohort study that recruited 299 children and assessed their lung function at two visits, at approximately 7 and 9 years of age. The children\u2019s forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), forced vital capacity (FVC), and FEV\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/FVC ratio were standardized using the Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI) race-neutral calculators. We assessed the children\u2019s average daily residential exposures to PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      , PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      , nitrogen oxides (NO\n                      <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , O\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      , carbon monoxide (CO), elemental carbon (EC), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), during the 1-week, 1-month, 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month periods before each visit, and the 2 years between visits. We applied linear mixed-effect models and quantile-based g-computation (q-gcomp) for statistical analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The children\u2019s exposures to the eight ambient air pollutants exhibited high intercorrelation: Seven air pollutants were positively correlated, while O\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposures were negatively correlated with the other pollutants. Higher PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      was associated with lower FEV\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      and FEV\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/FVC ratio, and the associations were strongest for the 3-month exposure timeframe. Q-gcomp also identified PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      as the key pollutant associated with lower FEV\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      and FEV\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/FVC ratio.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among the eight ambient air pollutants, PM\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      was the strongest risk factor for impaired lung function among children in Fresno. Ambient air pollution levels in this community exceed regulatory standards and are harmful to children\u2019s lung function.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0335731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T17:51:43Z","timestamp":1761933103000},"page":"e0335731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ambient air pollutant mixture and lung function among children in Fresno, California"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3861-9143","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wenxin","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen A.","family":"Eisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0611-0158","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Liza","family":"Lutzker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Noth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Tyner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Lurmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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