{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T02:49:27Z","timestamp":1789094967719,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008457","name":"University of Virginia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Robert M. Epstein Professorship endowment"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Robert M. Epstein Professorship endowment"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008457","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Disruption of diurnal rhythms can lead to various diseases in humans and animals. There is an interaction between the diurnal rhythms of host and gut microbiota. This study was designed to determine whether sleep deprivation disrupted the diurnal rhythmicity of microbiota in the ileum, blood inflammatory cytokines and blood short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs are products of gut microbiota.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six- to eight-week old CD1 male mice were sleep-deprived for 24 h by placing them in a small platform in a water tank. Their blood and ileal samples were harvested every 4 h in the next day. Mice with or without sleep deprivation were subjected to open field test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mice with sleep deprivation had decreased richness and altered taxonomic composition of microbiota in the ileum compared with controls. Sleep deprivation disrupted the diurnal rhythmicity of gut microbiota and blood inflammatory cytokines. Mice with sleep deprivation had higher cytokine concentrations (for example, interleukin 1\u03b2 concentrations at Zeitgeber time 21 were 8.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9 and 5.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.4 pg\/ml for sleep deprivation and control groups, respectively, P\u2009=\u20090.0128) and were more anxious as assessed by open field test than control mice. Sleep deprivation did not affect the concentrations of SCFAs in the blood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results suggest that there are diurnal rhythms in the microbiota of ileum and blood inflammatory cytokines. Sleep deprivation disrupts these rhythms. Considering the known broad actions of inflammation, the increased inflammatory cytokines may mediate various biological effects, such as anxiety, of sleep deprivation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0335754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T18:26:22Z","timestamp":1762539982000},"page":"e0335754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Sleep deprivation disrupts diurnal rhythmicity of gut microbiota and blood inflammatory cytokines in mice"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Weiran","family":"Shan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenzhe","family":"Zang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3542-5047","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhiyi","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0335754.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1177","article-title":"A clockwork web: circadian timing in brain and periphery, in health and disease","volume":"4","author":"MH Hastings","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0335754.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2020.101340","article-title":"Sleep, circadian rhythm, and gut microbiota","volume":"53","author":"BA Matenchuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0335754.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80566-8","article-title":"Molecular bases for circadian clocks","volume":"96","author":"JC Dunlap","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0335754.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.04.006","article-title":"Timing to perfection: the biology of central and peripheral circadian clocks","volume":"74","author":"U Albrecht","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0335754.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-00427-4","article-title":"Circadian rhythms and the gut microbiota: from the metabolic syndrome to cancer","volume":"16","author":"F Bishehsari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0335754.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.11.008","article-title":"Diet and feeding pattern affect the diurnal dynamics of the gut microbiome","volume":"20","author":"A Zarrinpar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0335754.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.03.015","article-title":"Circadian rhythms and the gut microbiome synchronize the host\u2019s metabolic response to diet","volume":"33","author":"DE Gutierrez Lopez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"pone.0335754.ref008","unstructured":"Report. transportation USD of 2015 US-based airline traffic data. 2016."},{"key":"pone.0335754.ref009","author":"Labor USDo. 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