{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T17:47:59Z","timestamp":1790185679912,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is diagnosed using radiological imaging and biomarker analysis, each with certain limitations. Accurate and accessible detection of TBI is essential for its treatment. Since interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2 and IL-18 are key neuroinflammatory cytokines, we aim to investigate the regulation of IL-1\u03b2 and IL-18 in TBI patients and assess their potential as biomarkers of TBI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty TBI and 40 healthy subjects were recruited for this study. The Glasgow coma scale (GCS) was used to assess the clinical severity of TBI. Spearman\u2019s rank-order correlation was employed to find the association between GCS scores and IL levels of TBI patients. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with human IL-1\u03b2 and IL-18 ELISA kits was conducted to measure the serum IL-1\u03b2 and IL-18 levels. The area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity were measured to assess the potential of IL-1\u03b2 and IL-18 as biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The patients had mild-to-moderate TBI (mTBI) with a mean GCS score of 11.05\u2009\u00b1\u20091.67. A negative correlation was found between GCS scores and IL levels, while IL-1 \u03b2 and IL-18 were positively correlated with each other. IL-1\u03b2 levels in the TBI and healthy subjects were 1882.19\u2009\u00b1\u2009796.72 pg\/mL and 1473.50\u2009\u00b1\u2009333.045 pg\/mL, respectively, with a significant difference (p\u2009=\u20090.001). Moreover, the IL-18 levels in TBI subjects (25.92\u2009\u00b1\u200914.81 ng\/L) were also significantly higher (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) compared to those of the control group subjects (19.14\u2009\u00b1\u20092.99 ng\/L). The IL-1\u03b2 exhibited an AUC of 0.72 with 72.5% sensitivity and 70% specificity, at a cut-off point of 1527.25 (pg\/mL), while IL-18 had an AUC of 0.78 with 77.5% sensitivity and 72.7% specificity, at a cut-off point of 19.645 (ng\/L).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IL-1\u03b2 and IL-18 levels were increased remarkably in mTBI patients and exhibited fair potential as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of TBI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0335877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T17:24:34Z","timestamp":1775237074000},"page":"e0335877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Upregulation of interleukin-1\u03b2 and interleukin-18 in traumatic brain injury patients and their potential as biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Saiqa","family":"Nazeer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7456-7021","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ghulam","family":"Murtaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0335877.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2016.05.005","article-title":"Concussion-Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Recoverable Injury with Potential for Serious Sequelae","volume":"27","author":"J Kamins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am"},{"key":"pone.0335877.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.07.039","article-title":"A Review of the Molecular Mechanisms of Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"131","author":"AA Ladak","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0335877.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00309-X","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury: progress and challenges in prevention, clinical care, and research","volume":"21","author":"AIR Maas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"7872","key":"pone.0335877.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)91639-0","article-title":"Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. 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