{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T14:12:27Z","timestamp":1784556747796,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002001","name":"Health Services and Delivery Research Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR134282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR134282"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify and map prehabilitation services for patients preparing for cancer surgery in the UK National Health Service (NHS) and understand how issues of accessibility and inequality are being addressed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A survey based on the Template for Intervention Description and Replication and criteria for high-quality, equitable prehabilitation developed as part of our broader study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>National Health Service organisations in the UK.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Representatives of prehabilitation services, who were mainly healthcare professionals. To be eligible for inclusion, services had to be part of the funded usual care pathway for patients in the NHS trust or health board and offered, referred to, or signposted by the NHS cancer care team.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Outcomes<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary outcome was the availability of a prehabilitation service to patients who were preparing for cancer surgery at a given NHS organisation. Where prehabilitation services existed, we collected data on service characteristics, the size and workload of the service, screening and individualised assessment for prehabilitation, interventions, addressing inequalities, and evaluation of the service.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec006\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 152 NHS organisations which provided cancer surgery services, we received a response from 112 (74%). Of these, 73 (65%) stated that they had an eligible prehabilitation service, and 39 (35%) stated that they did not. We received detailed survey responses from 51\/73 prehabilitation services (70%). These demonstrated variability across all survey domains. Most services involved physiotherapists (43; 84%) and dietitians (37; 73%), with a variety of other professions represented. Twenty-four prehabilitation services (47%) reported that they tailor initial assessments to account for patient characteristics, and most services reported that they take steps to address inequities of access, the most common being support for people who have barriers to accessing the internet (46; 90%). Only 19 prehabilitation services (37%) were in receipt of permanent funding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec007\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prehabilitation provision for people preparing for cancer surgery varies widely across the UK, and this creates inequities in services. Nevertheless, prehabilitation services appear to be aware of the risk of unequal access, and are taking steps to address this. There is an opportunity to address inequalities as prehabilitation services are commissioned, developed and implemented.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0336005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T17:30:36Z","timestamp":1778175036000},"page":"e0336005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prehabilitation before cancer surgery in the UK National Health Service: what services exist, and how do they address health inequalities?"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Hilary","family":"Stewart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiubin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0167-9428","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yasemin","family":"Hirst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Wareing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Ashmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7990-2792","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher","family":"Gaffney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3415-1678","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Hadley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ces","family":"Kulikowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo","family":"Rycroft-Malone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8438-398X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Clifford","family":"Shelton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Collaborators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0336005.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1093\/bjaed\/mkx032","article-title":"Prehabilitation","volume":"17","author":"P Banugo","year":"2017","journal-title":"BJA Educ"},{"key":"pone.0336005.ref002","unstructured":"Macmillan Cancer Support, Royal College of Anaesthetists, National Institute for Health Research Cancer and Nutrition Collaboration. Prehabilitation for People with Cancer: Principles and Guidance for Prehabilitation Within the Management and Support of People with Cancer. London: Macmillan Cancer Support. 2020."},{"key":"pone.0336005.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14502","article-title":"Patient optimisation before surgery: a clear and present challenge in peri-operative care","author":"N Levy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0336005.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000005471","article-title":"Integrating Prehabilitation in the Preoperative Clinic: A Paradigm Shift in Perioperative Care","volume":"132","author":"F Carli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"pone.0336005.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2020.04.042","article-title":"Implementing a system-wide cancer prehabilitation programme: The journey of Greater Manchester\u2019s \u201cPrehab4cancer\u201d","volume":"47","author":"J Moore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"pone.0336005.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.16502","article-title":"The inequalities and challenges of prehabilitation before cancer surgery: a narrative review","author":"H Stewart","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"pone.0336005.ref007","first-page":"219","article-title":"Prehabilitation before general surgery: Worth the effort?","volume":"34","author":"JG Kovoor","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Perioper Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336005.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-023-03990-3","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to participation in exercise prehabilitation before cancer surgery for older adults with frailty: a qualitative study","volume":"23","author":"K Barnes","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"pone.0336005.ref009","article-title":"Access, acceptance and adherence to cancer prehabilitation: a mixed-methods systematic review","author":"T Watts","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cancer Surviv"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0336005.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2022.10.023","article-title":"Socioeconomic status influences participation in cancer prehabilitation and preparation for surgical recovery: A pooled retrospective analysis using a validated area-level socioeconomic status metric","volume":"49","author":"D Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0336005.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-019-04435-2","article-title":"Low Socioeconomic Status Is Associated with Worse Outcomes After Curative Surgery for Colorectal Cancer: Results from a Large, Multicenter Study","volume":"24","author":"I van den Berg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"key":"pone.0336005.ref012","unstructured":"Scottish Government. Cancer Prehabilitation in Scotland: Report on Survey Findings. Edinburgh: Scottish Government. 2023."},{"key":"pone.0336005.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1687","article-title":"Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide","volume":"348","author":"TC Hoffmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336005.ref014","first-page":"9308284","article-title":"Defining criteria for quality and equity in prehabilitation services before cancer surgery: a Delphi study informed by lived and professional experience","volume":"2025","author":"L Wareing","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Care (Engl)"},{"key":"pone.0336005.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.55324.1","article-title":"The Wessex Fit-4-Cancer Surgery Trial (WesFit): a protocol for a factorial-design, pragmatic randomised-controlled trial investigating the effects of a multi-modal prehabilitation programme in patients undergoing elective major intra-cavity cancer surgery","volume":"10","author":"M West","year":"2021","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0336005.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2003.10.001","article-title":"Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness","volume":"24","author":"UH Graneheim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"key":"pone.0336005.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103632","article-title":"Abstraction and interpretation during the qualitative content analysis process","volume":"108","author":"B-M Lindgren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"pone.0336005.ref018","unstructured":"NHS Improvement. NHS provider directory. London. 2019. https:\/\/www.england.nhs.uk\/publication\/nhs-provider-directory\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0336005.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2024.01.013","article-title":"Prehabilitation provision and practice in the UK: a freedom of information survey","volume":"132","author":"M Pufulete","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0336005.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surge.2021.08.005","article-title":"Prehabilitation services for people diagnosed with cancer in Scotland \u2013 Current practice, barriers and challenges to implementation","volume":"20","author":"D Provan","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Surgeon"},{"key":"pone.0336005.ref021","unstructured":"Our Centres. https:\/\/www.maggies.org\/support-information\/diagnosis-and-treatment\/recently-diagnosed\/getting-ready-treatment\/ 2026 March 1."},{"key":"pone.0336005.ref022","unstructured":"Scottish Government. Cancer action plan 2023 to 2026. Edinburgh: Scottish Government. 2023. https:\/\/www.gov.scot\/publications\/cancer-action-plan-scotland-2023-2026\/pages\/3\/"},{"key":"pone.0336005.ref023","volume-title":"Prehabilitation evidence and insight review","author":"E Bloom","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0336005.ref024","article-title":"Prehabilitation: preparing patients for surgery","volume":"358","author":"V Wynter-Blyth","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0336005.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2017.04.005","article-title":"Patient-centered surgical prehabilitation","volume":"216","author":"G Shaughness","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0336005.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15622","article-title":"Prehabilitation and preparation for surgery: has the digital revolution arrived?","volume":"77","author":"JW Durrand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336005.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2020.08.021","article-title":"Turning \u201cwaiting lists\u201d for elective surgery into \u201cpreparation lists\u201d","volume":"126","author":"N Levy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0336005.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/bjs\/znae028","article-title":"Prehabilitation: tertiary prevention matters","volume":"111","author":"H Driessens","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336005.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40463-020-00486-7","article-title":"Prehabilitation in head and neck cancer patients: a literature review","volume":"50","author":"I Loewen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0336005.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol30020118","article-title":"Personalized prehabilitation improves tolerance to chemotherapy in patients with oesophageal cancer","volume":"30","author":"G Christodoulidis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"key":"pone.0336005.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2025.101063","article-title":"Prehabilitation during neoadjuvant chemotherapy results in an enhanced immune response in esophageal adenocarcinoma tumors: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"CJ Rayner","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci"},{"key":"pone.0336005.ref032","unstructured":"Macmillan Cancer Support. Allied Health Professional Workforce Survey: A 2018 Survey of Dietitians, Occupational Therapists, Physiotherapists and Speech & Language Therapists. London: Macmillan Cancer Support. 2018."},{"issue":"375","key":"pone.0336005.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.53841\/bpscpf.2024.1.375.39","article-title":"Are we retaining clinical psychologists and other psychological professionals in the NHS workforce and can we do more?","volume":"1","author":"M Rosairo","year":"2024","journal-title":"bpscpf"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0336005.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2014.928270","article-title":"Social determinants of mental health","volume":"26","author":"J Allen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0336005.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221120836","article-title":"Trauma-Informed Approaches in the Context of Cancer Care in Canada and the United States: A Scoping Review","volume":"24","author":"CA Davidson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336005.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1177\/10499091211008431","article-title":"Lean Into the Uncomfortable: Using Trauma-Informed Care to Engage in Shared Decision-Making With Racial Minorities With Hematologic Malignancies","volume":"39","author":"N Dhawan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Hosp Palliat Care"},{"key":"pone.0336005.ref037","unstructured":"NHS England. Fit for the Future: 10 Year Health Plan for England. London: NHS England. 2025. https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/media\/6888a0b1a11f859994409147\/fit-for-the-future-10-year-health-plan-for-england.pdf"},{"issue":"712","key":"pone.0336005.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3399\/BJGP.2020.1030","article-title":"Cancer detection via primary care urgent referral and association with practice characteristics: a retrospective cross-sectional study in England from 2009\/2010 to 2018\/2019","volume":"71","author":"T Round","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0336005.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0319518","article-title":"Exploring prehabilitation interventions for patients with gynaecological cancer undergoing radiotherapy: A scoping review","volume":"20","author":"E McGladrigan","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0336005.ref040","unstructured":"Cancer Research UK. Cancer Statistics for the UK. https:\/\/www.cancerresearchuk.org\/health-professional\/cancer-statistics-for-the-uk 2025 September 1."},{"key":"pone.0336005.ref041","unstructured":"Cancer Research UK. Treatment Data Hub [internet]. London: Cancer Research UK; 2025 https:\/\/crukcancerintelligence.shinyapps.io\/Treatment\/_w_861c1ba1f9b24fb4851153b100c8d3be\/?_inputs_&menu=%22hometab%22"},{"key":"pone.0336005.ref042","unstructured":"Department of Health and Social Care. The NHS Constitution for England. Department of Health and Social Care. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/the-nhs-constitution-for-england 2021. 2025 September 1."},{"key":"pone.0336005.ref043","unstructured":"Department of Health and Socal Care. The National Cancer Plan for England: Delivering World Class Cancer Care. London. 2016. https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/media\/6888a0b1a11f859994409147\/fit-for-the-future-10-year-health-plan-for-england.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0336005.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.2654","article-title":"Standardization vs Customization: Finding the Right Balance","volume":"19","author":"CA Sinsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0336005.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.11573","article-title":"Standardization in surgery: friend or foe?","volume":"107","author":"B Skjold-\u00d8degaard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0336005.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.12517","article-title":"Opening up the black box: an introduction to qualitative research methods in anaesthesia","volume":"69","author":"CL Shelton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"pone.0336005.ref047","article-title":"Addressing inequities in the design and delivery of prehabilitation in the UK: case studies of challenges, complexities and good practice","author":"C Hadley","year":"2026","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0336005","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T17:30:47Z","timestamp":1778175047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0336005"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Stefano","family":"Turi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0336005","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]]}}}