{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T22:22:34Z","timestamp":1771539754036,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004794","name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001677","name":"Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001677","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013371","name":"Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013371","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Many organisms show flexible resource allocation to adjust for optimal reproductive investment across different environments. How such reproductive plasticity occurs in hermaphroditic organisms\u2014allocating resources to both oocytes and sperm\u2014are central questions of sex allocation research. Self-fertilizing hermaphrodites of the androdioecious nematode\n                    <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibit a sequential transition from spermatogenesis to oogenesis, so the extent of self-sperm production determines both fertilization onset and lifetime reproductive potential under selfing. Despite this key role, it remains largely unclear whether such sequential hermaphrodites flexibly adjust sperm production to optimize self-fertilization across different environments. Here we directly quantified plasticity in\n                    <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    hermaphrodite self-sperm production in diverse experimental environments. We found that: (a) Sperm production was developmentally plastic, but such changes did not consistently translate into changes in self-progeny number, suggesting\n                    <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    self-fecundity is likely often oocyte-limited rather than sperm-limited; (b) Contrary to expectations, plastically increased sperm production did not delay the onset of fertilization across various environments; (c) Subtle environmental challenges, such as mild dietary restriction, did not affect sperm production but had a significant impact on developmental time, age at reproductive maturity, and germline proliferation. This emphasizes the relative environmental insensitivity of sperm production compared to other reproductive traits in hermaphrodites. (d) Plasticity in sperm and germline traits varied by genetic background, with notable differences between the laboratory strain N2 and wild strains. These findings contribute to our understanding of reproductive plasticity in\n                    <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the developmental plasticity of sex allocation in sequential hermaphrodites.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0336162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T18:28:41Z","timestamp":1762540121000},"page":"e0336162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Developmental plasticity of hermaphrodite sperm production across environments in Caenorhabditis elegans"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1708-4629","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Clotilde","family":"Gimond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nausicaa","family":"Poullet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Vielle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emilie","family":"Demoinet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Braendle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0336162.ref001","first-page":"1","article-title":"The theory of sex allocation","volume":"18","author":"EL Charnov","year":"1982","journal-title":"Monogr Popul Biol"},{"key":"pone.0336162.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1981.tb00748.x","article-title":"Allocation of resources to male and female functions in hermaphrodites","volume":"15","author":"D Charlesworth","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biol J Linn Soc Lond"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0336162.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2009.00669.x","article-title":"Tests of sex allocation theory in simultaneously hermaphroditic animals","volume":"63","author":"L Sch\u00e4rer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"issue":"1518","key":"pone.0336162.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2002.2323","article-title":"Phenotypically plastic adjustment of sex allocation in a simultaneous hermaphrodite","volume":"270","author":"L Sch\u00e4rer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0336162.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.14020","article-title":"Evolution of sex allocation plasticity in a hermaphroditic flatworm genus","volume":"35","author":"P Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Evol Biol"},{"key":"pone.0336162.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2435.2002.00657.x","article-title":"Nutritional stress changes sex-specific reproductive allocation in the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail Arianta arbustorum","volume":"16","author":"R Locher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Funct Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0336162.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2148-11-339","article-title":"A phylogeny and molecular barcodes for Caenorhabditis, with numerous new species from rotting fruits","volume":"11","author":"KC Kiontke","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Evol Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0336162.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(79)90069-1","article-title":"Fertilization and sperm competition in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"73","author":"S Ward","year":"1979","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336162.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(76)90267-0","article-title":"Development of the reproductive system of Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"49","author":"D Hirsh","year":"1976","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336162.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(76)90119-6","article-title":"The life cycle of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. 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