{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T07:38:47Z","timestamp":1776152327857,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012947","name":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00c3\u00a9veloppement","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012947","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["220211\/Z\/20\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220211\/Z\/20\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lao PDR reported a low number of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases until the introduction of COVID-19 vaccines in April 2021. This raised doubts about whether the reported number reflected the true situation and questioned about possible pre-existing immunity against SARS-CoV-2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We retrospectively analyzed leftover blood donor samples collected in 2003\u20132004, 2015, and 2018 in Vientiane Capital, as well as samples collected in 2020 and between February and August 2021 across 18 provinces in Lao PDR to better understand the epidemiology of the infection. The samples were first screened using an anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG ELISA (Euroimmun). The presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was then confirmed or refuted by testing positive and equivocal samples using anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG CLIA (Beckman Coulter) targeting anti-Spike antibodies and SARS-CoV-2 virus neutralization test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All pre-pandemic sera from Vientiane capital (79 in 2003\u22122004, 406 in 2015 and 191 in 2018), and all 2,225 sera collected in 2020 from eight provinces, tested negative. A total of 3,663 sera were collected prospectively in 2021 from 14 provinces. Bokeo and Oudomxay had the highest prevalence, each at 19.8%, followed by Luang Namtha at 16.1% and Salavan at 15.5%. However, the majority of samples collected from those four provinces were obtained after the outbreak surge and the introduction of COVID-19 vaccines in mid-April.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There was no evidence of cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies prior to the COVID-19 pandemic and the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 was confirmed to be low in Lao PDR before the introduction of COVID-19 vaccines and the surge in infections from May 2021.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0336239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T18:48:57Z","timestamp":1763059737000},"page":"e0336239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Nationwide seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic and prepandemic periods in Lao PDR"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3814-0522","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Koukeo","family":"Phommasone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chanthala","family":"Souksakhone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anisone","family":"Chanthongthip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ooyanong","family":"Phonemixay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chirapha","family":"Keokhamphoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7102-3654","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Priet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6343-2175","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karine","family":"Barth\u00e9l\u00e9my","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"de Lamballerie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manivanh","family":"Vongsouvath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Ashley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Dubot-P\u00e9r\u00e8s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0336239.ref001","unstructured":"World Heallth Organization. Pneumonia of unknown cause-China. 2020 [Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/disease-outbreak-news\/item\/2020-DON229"},{"key":"pone.0336239.ref002","first-page":"100202","article-title":"Did Laos really control the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in 2020?","volume":"13","author":"B Flower","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0336239.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1499","article-title":"The Impact of Preparedness in Defying COVID-19 Pandemic Expectations in the Lower Mekong Region: A Case Study","volume":"104","author":"A Corwin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pone.0336239.ref004","unstructured":"The Laotian Times. Laos suspends visa at checkpoint bordering China [Available from: https:\/\/laotiantimes.com\/2020\/02\/02\/laos-suspends-visas-at-checkpoints-bordering-china\/"},{"key":"pone.0336239.ref005","unstructured":"World Heallth Organization. COVID-19 situation report for Lao PDR #38. 2021 [Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/laos\/internal-publications-detail\/covid-19-situation-report-for-lao-pdr-38"},{"key":"pone.0336239.ref006","unstructured":"United Nations. Ministry of Health and WHO respond to the first case of COVID-19 in Lao PDR. [Available from: https:\/\/laopdr.un.org\/en\/49304-ministry-health-and-who-respond-first-case-covid-19-lao-pdr"},{"key":"pone.0336239.ref007","unstructured":"World Heallth Organization. Ensuring immunization through the life course 2024 [Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/laos\/ensuring-immunization-through-the-life-course"},{"key":"pone.0336239.ref008","unstructured":"World Heallth Organization. Lao PDR Commences Rollout of COVAX Supported COVID-19 Vaccines. 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WHO works with the National Centre of Laboratory and Epidemiology to strengthen COVID-19 testing capacity during this pandemic. 2020. 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COVID-19 situation report for Lao PDR #29. 2021 [Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/laos\/internal-publications-detail\/covid-19-situation-report-for-lao-pdr-29"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0336239.ref019","first-page":"783","article-title":"The epidemiology of COVID-19 in ten Southeast Asian countries","volume":"76","author":"S Rampal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med J Malaysia"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0336239","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T18:49:01Z","timestamp":1763059741000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0336239"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Dhammika Leshan","family":"Wannigama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0336239","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]]}}}