{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T07:34:41Z","timestamp":1785224081157,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50 DC015857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 DC015857"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50 DC015857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 DC015857"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019671","name":"Fondation Pour l'Audition","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grand Prix"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grand Prix"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019671","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cochlear nerve degeneration (CND), including the loss of synapses between inner hair cells and auditory nerve fibers (ANFs), has emerged as a likely contributor to \u201chidden hearing loss\u201d, a condition in which listeners experience speech-in-noise difficulties that cannot be fully explained by audiometric thresholds. This form of primary neural de-afferentation preferentially affects low- and medium-spontaneous rate (SR) fibers, which are critical for encoding acoustic features such as amplitude modulations, especially under challenging listening conditions such as noisy backgrounds. Although CND is well established in animal models and post-mortem human studies, its perceptual consequences remain poorly understood due to the inability to directly assess synaptic integrity in living humans. Here, we combined behavioral testing, a phenomenological model of the auditory periphery, and deep neural network (DNN) decoding to quantify the perceptual impact of SR-specific fiber loss. Audiometric thresholds and word recognition scores for time-compressed, reverberant NU-6 words were obtained from 395 cognitively normal adults aged 18\u201380. To isolate the neural contribution to speech encoding, we simulated ANF activity under three CND profiles that varied the survival of SR classes, transformed responses into time-frequency neurograms, and decoded them with two DNN architectures trained on word classification. Both networks learned the task, but only the deeper, more constrained model produced recognition scores consistent with human performance and showed sensitivity to CND, with recognition declining as low- and medium-SR fibers were removed. These findings provide a mechanistic link between SR-specific synaptopathy and speech-in-noise difficulties and establish a computational framework for evaluating the perceptual impact of hidden hearing loss.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0336299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T18:32:52Z","timestamp":1763145172000},"page":"e0336299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Modeling the impact of cochlear nerve degeneration on speech recognition performance"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Viacheslav","family":"Vasilkov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Charles","family":"Liberman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2813-6439","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"St\u00e9phane F.","family":"Maison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0336299.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1044\/2015_AJA-14-0052","article-title":"Speech recognition across the lifespan: Longitudinal changes from middle age to older adults","volume":"24","author":"JR Dubno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Audiol"},{"key":"pone.0336299.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(97)00006-3","article-title":"Speech recognition in noise and presbycusis: relations to possible neural mechanisms","volume":"106","author":"DR Frisina","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"pone.0336299.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2018.07.053","article-title":"Primary Neural Degeneration in the Human Cochlea: Evidence for Hidden Hearing Loss in the Aging Ear","volume":"407","author":"PZ Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0336299.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2015.04.014","article-title":"Cochlear neuropathy in human presbycusis: Confocal analysis of hidden hearing loss in post-mortem tissue","volume":"327","author":"LM Viana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"issue":"34","key":"pone.0336299.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13686","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1783-13.2013","article-title":"Age-related cochlear synaptopathy: an early-onset contributor to auditory functional decline","volume":"33","author":"Y Sergeyenko","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0336299.ref006","first-page":"147","article-title":"Hearing loss from lesions of the cochlear nerve: an experimental and clinical study","volume":"59","author":"RC Woellner","year":"1955","journal-title":"Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol"},{"key":"pone.0336299.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2013.03.012","article-title":"Insensitivity of the audiogram to carboplatin induced inner hair cell loss in chinchillas","volume":"302","author":"E Lobarinas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0336299.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1996.76.4.2799","article-title":"Age-related loss of activity of auditory-nerve fibers","volume":"76","author":"RA Schmiedt","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0336299.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00164.2013","article-title":"Noise-induced cochlear neuropathy is selective for fibers with low spontaneous rates","volume":"110","author":"AC Furman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0336299.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1984.51.6.1326","article-title":"Effects of continuous noise backgrounds on rate response of auditory nerve fibers in cat","volume":"51","author":"JA Costalupes","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pone.0336299.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00026","article-title":"Cochlear neuropathy and the coding of supra-threshold sound","volume":"8","author":"HM Bharadwaj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0336299.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2017.01.003","article-title":"Cochlear synaptopathy in acquired sensorineural hearing loss: Manifestations and mechanisms","volume":"349","author":"MC Liberman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0336299.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4439","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3238-20.2021","article-title":"Primary Neural Degeneration in Noise-Exposed Human Cochleas: Correlations with Outer Hair Cell Loss and Word-Discrimination Scores","volume":"41","author":"P-Z Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0336299.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.07.007","article-title":"Sensory Neuron Diversity in the Inner Ear Is Shaped by Activity","volume":"174","author":"BR Shrestha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"pone.0336299.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.02.016","article-title":"The search for noise-induced cochlear synaptopathy in humans: Mission impossible?","volume":"377","author":"N Bramhall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0336299.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024401","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0017328","article-title":"Isolating auditory-nerve contributions to electrocochleography by high-pass filtering: A better biomarker for cochlear nerve degeneration?","volume":"3","author":"V Vasilkov","year":"2023","journal-title":"JASA Express Lett"},{"key":"pone.0336299.ref017","first-page":"124","article-title":"Perception of stochastically undersampled sound waveforms: a model of auditory deafferentation","volume":"7","author":"EA Lopez-Poveda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0336299.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331216516686768","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216516686768","article-title":"Predicting the Perceptual Consequences of Hidden Hearing Loss","volume":"20","author":"AJ Oxenham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Hear"},{"key":"pone.0336299.ref019","first-page":"2999","article-title":"Decoding the auditory nerve to simulate sensorineural pathologies and help refine their diagnosis","author":"J Grange","year":"2020","journal-title":"Forum Acusticum"},{"key":"pone.0336299.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588448","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.588448","article-title":"Deep Neural Network Model of Hearing-Impaired Speech-in-Noise Perception","volume":"14","author":"S Haro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0336299.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23312165241227818","DOI":"10.1177\/23312165241227818","article-title":"Quantifying the Impact of Auditory Deafferentation on Speech Perception","volume":"28","author":"J Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Hear"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336299.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19870","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46741-5","article-title":"Evidence of cochlear neural degeneration in normal-hearing subjects with tinnitus","volume":"13","author":"V Vasilkov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0336299.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00620.2020","article-title":"Envelope following responses predict speech-in-noise performance in normal-hearing listeners","volume":"125","author":"AM Mepani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336299.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000804","article-title":"Middle Ear Muscle Reflex and Word Recognition in \u201cNormal-Hearing\u201d Adults: Evidence for Cochlear Synaptopathy?","volume":"41","author":"AM Mepani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336299.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8929","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13023-5","article-title":"Predicting neural deficits in sensorineural hearing loss from word recognition scores","volume":"12","author":"KJ Grant","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0336299.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00016.2020","article-title":"Electrophysiological markers of cochlear function correlate with hearing-in-noise performance among audiometrically normal subjects","volume":"124","author":"KJ Grant","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0336299.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0006572","article-title":"The summating potential in human electrocochleography: Gaussian models and Fourier analysis","volume":"150","author":"KE Hancock","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"pone.0336299.ref028","first-page":"1","article-title":"An expanded test for speech discrimination utilizing CNC monosyllabic words. Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6. SAM-TR-66-55","author":"TW Tillman","year":"1966","journal-title":"Tech Rep SAM-TR"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0336299.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.5504.771","article-title":"Normative data in quiet, broadband noise, and competing message for Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 by a female speaker","volume":"55","author":"RH Wilson","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Speech Hear Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0336299.ref030","first-page":"269","article-title":"Effects of time compression and time compression plus reverberation on the intelligibility of Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6","volume":"5","author":"RH Wilson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336299.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4837815","article-title":"Updated parameters and expanded simulation options for a model of the auditory periphery","volume":"135","author":"MSA Zilany","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0336299.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3238250","article-title":"A phenomenological model of the synapse between the inner hair cell and auditory nerve: long-term adaptation with power-law dynamics","volume":"126","author":"MSA Zilany","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"pone.0336299.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2017.12.016","article-title":"A phenomenological model of the synapse between the inner hair cell and auditory nerve: Implications of limited neurotransmitter release sites","volume":"360","author":"IC Bruce","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"pone.0336299.ref034","unstructured":"Chollet F. Keras. 2015. Available from: https:\/\/keras.io"},{"key":"pone.0336299.ref035","unstructured":"Abadi M, Agarwal A, Barham P, Brevdo E, Chen Z, Citro C. TensorFlow: large-scale machine learning on heterogeneous systems. 2015."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0336299.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1121\/1.381736","article-title":"Auditory-nerve response from cats raised in a low-noise chamber","volume":"63","author":"MC Liberman","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"issue":"31","key":"pone.0336299.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01026","article-title":"Pingouin: statistics in Python","volume":"3","author":"R Vallat","year":"2018","journal-title":"JOSS"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336299.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1121\/1.402757","article-title":"Responses to amplitude-modulated tones in the auditory nerve of the cat","volume":"91","author":"PX Joris","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0336299.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3216","article-title":"Diminished temporal coding with sensorineural hearing loss emerges in background noise","volume":"15","author":"KS Henry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0336299.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.12.041","article-title":"Central Gain Restores Auditory Processing following Near-Complete Cochlear Denervation","volume":"89","author":"AR Chambers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"pone.0336299.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.51419","article-title":"Bottom-up and top-down neural signatures of disordered multi-talker speech perception in adults with normal hearing","volume":"9","author":"A Parthasarathy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"pone.0336299.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2016.05.001","article-title":"Loss of auditory sensitivity from inner hair cell synaptopathy can be centrally compensated in the young but not old brain","volume":"44","author":"D M\u00f6hrle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"pone.0336299.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(95)00158-1","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of myelinated nerve fibres and hair cells in cochleae of humans with age-related high-tone hearing loss","volume":"91","author":"E Felder","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"pone.0336299.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-197808000-00004","article-title":"Ganglion cell populations in normal and pathological human cochleae. Implications for cochlear implantation","volume":"88","author":"J Otte","year":"1978","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"pone.0336299.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2025.109183","article-title":"Not-so-normal hearing: Temporary hearing changes lead to chronic difficulties for listeners with \u201cnormal\u201d audiometric thresholds","volume":"458","author":"DS Brungart","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0336299.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000787","article-title":"Chronic Conductive Hearing Loss Is Associated With Speech Intelligibility Deficits in Patients With Normal Bone Conduction Thresholds","volume":"41","author":"M Okada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0336299.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000987","article-title":"Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Speech Intelligibility Deficits Following Threshold Recovery","volume":"42","author":"M Okada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0336299.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3915-14.2015","article-title":"Individual differences reveal correlates of hidden hearing deficits","volume":"35","author":"HM Bharadwaj","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0336299.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162726","article-title":"Toward a Differential Diagnosis of Hidden Hearing Loss in Humans","volume":"11","author":"MC Liberman","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0336299.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0182-24.2024","article-title":"Deciphering Compromised Speech-in-Noise Intelligibility in Older Listeners: The Role of Cochlear Synaptopathy","volume":"12","author":"M Garrett","year":"2025","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"pone.0336299.ref051","article-title":"Increased listening effort and cochlear neural degeneration underlie speech-in-noise deficits in normal hearing middle-aged adults","author":"ME Zink","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0336299.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.01.017","article-title":"Evidence for age-related cochlear synaptopathy in humans unconnected to speech-in-noise intelligibility deficits","volume":"374","author":"PT Johannesen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"pone.0336299.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2021.108333","article-title":"The search for correlates of age-related cochlear synaptopathy: Measures of temporal envelope processing and spatial release from speech-on-speech masking","volume":"409","author":"C Patro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"issue":"50","key":"pone.0336299.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10293","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1747-21.2021","article-title":"Neural Presbyacusis in Humans Inferred from Age-Related Differences in Auditory Nerve Function and Structure","volume":"41","author":"KC Harris","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0336299.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2024.120958","article-title":"Age dependent deficits in speech recognition in quiet and noise are reflected in MGB activity and cochlear onset coding","volume":"305","author":"K Dapper","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336299.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0009238","article-title":"Predicting synapse counts in living humans by combining computational models with auditory physiology","volume":"151","author":"BN Buran","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"pone.0336299.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2015.00063","article-title":"Stochastic undersampling steepens auditory threshold\/duration functions: implications for understanding auditory deafferentation and aging","volume":"7","author":"F Marmel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0336299.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-1590-9_2","article-title":"A computer model of the auditory periphery and its application to the study of hearing","volume":"787","author":"R Meddis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"pone.0336299.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2017.12.012","article-title":"Olivocochlear efferents: Their action, effects, measurement and uses, and the impact of the new conception of cochlear mechanical responses","volume":"362","author":"Jr Guinan JJ","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0336299.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aud.0000240507.83072.e7","article-title":"Olivocochlear efferents: anatomy, physiology, function, and the measurement of efferent effects in humans","volume":"27","author":"JJ Guinan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"key":"pone.0336299.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2016.00050","article-title":"Editorial: Auditory Efferent System: New Insights from Cortex to Cochlea","volume":"10","author":"PH Delano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0336299.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2021.108207","article-title":"Olivocochlear efferent effects on perception and behavior","volume":"419","author":"AM Lauer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0336299.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3644","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0022578","article-title":"Subcortical auditory model including efferent dynamic gain control with inputs from cochlear nucleus and inferior colliculus","volume":"154","author":"A Farhadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0336299.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0365-24.2024","article-title":"A Subcortical Model for Auditory Forward Masking with Efferent Control of Cochlear Gain","volume":"11","author":"BN Maxwell","year":"2024","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"pone.0336299.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00197","article-title":"Olivocochlear Efferents in Animals and Humans: From Anatomy to Clinical Relevance","volume":"9","author":"EA Lopez-Poveda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"48","key":"pone.0336299.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9560","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3004-18.2019","article-title":"Cochlear Efferent Innervation Is Sparse in Humans and Decreases with Age","volume":"39","author":"LD Liberman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336299.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00574.2004","article-title":"Response properties of single auditory nerve fibers in the mouse","volume":"93","author":"AM Taberner","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336299.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169890","article-title":"Mass Potentials Recorded at the Round Window Enable the Detection of Low Spontaneous Rate Fibers in Gerbil Auditory Nerve","volume":"12","author":"C Batrel","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0336299","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T18:33:00Z","timestamp":1763145180000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0336299"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Paul H","family":"Delano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0336299","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]}}}