{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T14:19:12Z","timestamp":1791814752828,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004686","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Faisal University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KFU253843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFU253843"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004686","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Candida auris<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>C. auris<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is known as a superbug characterized by its high prevalence of multi-drug resistance, causing outbreaks in healthcare settings and leading to high mortality rates worldwide. Developing novel and efficient measures to combat its spread and mitigate its impact on patient outcomes is pertinent. This study describes a simple and eco-friendly method for synthesizing silver nanocomposites and silver-zinc nanocomposites using leaf extract of the\n                    <jats:italic>Moringa Oleifera (MO),<\/jats:italic>\n                    plant. The synthesized nanocomposite was characterized and confirmed by several techniques like Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, nanocomposites were observed to display effective action against\n                    <jats:italic>C. auris.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Ag-\n                    <jats:italic>MO<\/jats:italic>\n                    and Ag-Zn-\n                    <jats:italic>MO<\/jats:italic>\n                    nanocomposite was found to be 125 \u00b5g\/mL and 250 \u00b5g\/mL respectively. Ag-\n                    <jats:italic>MO<\/jats:italic>\n                    was found to be fungicidal in nature while Ag-Zn-\n                    <jats:italic>MO<\/jats:italic>\n                    was fungistatic at their respective MIC\u2019s. Mechanistic insights elucidate changed cell wall composition, impaired efflux activity, dysfunctional vacuole and suppressed biofilm formation.\n                    <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    efficacy was demonstrated\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    nematode model survival and macrophage mediated killing. Both the nanocomposites enhanced\n                    <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    survival which was 45% in Ag-\n                    <jats:italic>MO<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 41% in Ag-Zn-\n                    <jats:italic>MO<\/jats:italic>\n                    vs. 30% in untreated and also enhanced macrophage mediated killing of\n                    <jats:italic>C. auris<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The current study highlights the potential application of\n                    <jats:italic>Moringa<\/jats:italic>\n                    synthesized AgNPs and Ag-ZnNPs as promising approach to combat\n                    <jats:italic>C. auris<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections in particular post its biocompatibility studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0336309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T18:38:25Z","timestamp":1763577505000},"page":"e0336309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Candidacidal effect of Moringa stabilized silver nanomaterials reveal disruption of cell wall integrity, efflux pump, vacuole homeostasis and virulence traits in Candida auris"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Insha","family":"Nahvi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3087-852X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Suriya","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ankush","family":"Kaushik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. Rabindran","family":"Jermy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sultan","family":"Akhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1519-9644","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohd","family":"Farhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeeshan","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6477-1870","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Saif","family":"Hameed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0336309.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10060408","article-title":"Current Perspectives of Antifungal Therapy: A Special Focus on Candida auris","volume":"10","author":"A Ganeshkumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0336309.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9040807","article-title":"Candida auris: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, Antifungal Susceptibility, and Infection Control Measures to Combat the Spread of Infections in Healthcare Facilities","volume":"9","author":"S Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0336309.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-018-1164-y","article-title":"Invasive Candida auris infections in Kuwait hospitals: epidemiology, antifungal treatment and outcome","volume":"46","author":"Z Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"pone.0336309.ref004","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Nanomaterial-Based Vaccines. Nanotechnology Based Microbicides and Immune Stimulators","author":"I Nahvi","year":"2025"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0336309.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2022.103764","article-title":"Green synthesis of iron (Fe) nanoparticles using Plumeria obtusa extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent: Antimicrobial, antioxidant and biocompatibility studies","volume":"15","author":"S Perveen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arab J Chem"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0336309.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3240","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28073240","article-title":"Biosynthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Using Phytochemical Compounds","volume":"28","author":"A Zuhrotun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"pone.0336309.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-1923-6_7","article-title":"Overview and Prospectus of Algal Biogenesis of Nanoparticles.","volume-title":"Microbial Nanotechnology: Green Synthesis and Applications","author":"I Nahvi","year":"2021"},{"issue":"24","key":"pone.0336309.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8125","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28248125","article-title":"Selenium Nanoparticles: Green Synthesis and Biomedical Application","volume":"28","author":"EO Mikhailova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"pone.0336309.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.112771","article-title":"Green synthesis of Zirconium nanoparticles using Punica granatum (pomegranate) peel extract and their antimicrobial and antioxidant potency","volume":"209","author":"TP Chau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"pone.0336309.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2022.103178","article-title":"Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from Tricholoma ustale and Agaricus arvensis extracts and investigation of their antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and apoptotic potentials","volume":"69","author":"\u00d6 Kaplan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Drug Deliver Sci Technol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0336309.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13080193","article-title":"Bactericidal and In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Moringa oleifera Seed Extract and Its Elemental Analysis Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy","volume":"13","author":"RK Aldakheel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0336309.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00108","article-title":"Moringa Genus: A Review of Phytochemistry and Pharmacology","volume":"9","author":"NZ Abd Rani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0336309.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/AJB2T\/2018\/40198","article-title":"Phytochemical and Antifungal Efficacy of Different Parts of Moringa oleifera Plant Extracts","volume":"3","author":"T Aondo","year":"2018","journal-title":"AJB2T"},{"key":"pone.0336309.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4136641","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4136641","article-title":"Green Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Moringa oleifera Leaves and Its Antimicrobial and Cytotoxicity Activities","volume":"2022","author":"GM Mohammed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Biomater"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0336309.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14102251","article-title":"Therapeutic Intervention for Various Hospital Setting Strains of Biofilm Forming Candida auris with Multiple Drug Resistance Mutations Using Nanomaterial Ag-Silicalite-1 Zeolite","volume":"14","author":"HA Aldossary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"pone.0336309.ref016","article-title":"Sphingolipid diversity in Candida auris: unraveling interclade and drug resistance fingerprints","volume":"24","author":"B Ali","year":"2024","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res"},{"key":"pone.0336309.ref017","volume-title":"Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts, CLSI Standard - Fourth Edition","author":"National Committee for Clinical and Laboratory Standards","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0336309.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2024.107782","article-title":"Exploring the antifungal potential of novel carbazate derivatives as promising drug candidates against emerging superbug, Candida auris","volume":"153","author":"T Fatima","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioorg Chem"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0336309.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203079","article-title":"Fungicidal action of geraniol against Candida albicans is potentiated by abrogated CaCdr1p drug efflux and fluconazole synergism","volume":"13","author":"S Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0336309.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2019.07.003","article-title":"Retrograde signaling disruption influences ABC superfamily transporter, ergosterol and chitin levels along with biofilm formation in Candida albicans","volume":"29","author":"S Hans","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Mycol Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0336309.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270676","article-title":"Magnesium impairs Candida albicans immune evasion by reduced hyphal damage, enhanced \u03b2-glucan exposure and altered vacuole homeostasis","volume":"17","author":"S Hans","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0336309.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3390\/inorganics11080328","article-title":"Phytochemical Substances\u2014Mediated Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPS)","volume":"11","author":"FN Alharbi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inorganics"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0336309.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.3390\/pr10040716","article-title":"A Combinatorial Approach towards Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity Using Tartaric Acid Capped Silver Nanoparticles","volume":"10","author":"I Begum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Processes"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0336309.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11081957","article-title":"Synergistic Anticandidal Effectiveness of Greenly Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles with Antifungal Agents against Nosocomial Candidal Pathogens","volume":"11","author":"MT Yassin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336309.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24161","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-73010-w","article-title":"Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Smyrnium cordifolium plant and its application for colorimetric detection of ammonia","volume":"14","author":"MA Rashidi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0336309.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-020-01729-w","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Biogenic Zinc Oxide Nanoflower as Dual Agent for Photodegradation of an Organic Dye and Tyrosinase Inhibitor","volume":"31","author":"AC Ekennia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Inorg Organomet Polym"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336309.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77426-y","article-title":"Facile one-pot green synthesis of Ag-ZnO Nanocomposites using potato peeland their Ag concentration dependent photocatalytic properties","volume":"10","author":"FA Alharthi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0336309.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110552","article-title":"Utilization of Cratoxylum formosum crude extract for synthesis of ZnO nanosheets: Characterization, biological activities and effects on gene expression of nonmelanoma skin cancer cell","volume":"130","author":"D Jevapatarakul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0336309.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.3390\/met11091491","article-title":"Preparation of Ag0 Nanoparticles by EDM Method as Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction","volume":"11","author":"J Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metals"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336309.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3390\/surfaces5010014","article-title":"The Negative Photoconductivity of Ag\/AgO Grown by Spray-Pyrolysis","volume":"5","author":"AB de Paiva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surfaces"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0336309.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0181806jss","article-title":"Investigation of InAlN Layers Surface Reactivity after Thermal Annealings: A Complete XPS Study for HEMT","volume":"7","author":"Y Bourlier","year":"2018","journal-title":"ECS J Solid State Sci Technol"},{"key":"pone.0336309.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2015.09.054","article-title":"Structure and properties of Cr\u2013C\/Ag films deposited by magnetron sputtering","volume":"281","author":"M Folkenant","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surf Coat Technol"},{"key":"pone.0336309.ref033","first-page":"1","article-title":"Eco-friendly biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles from solanum lycopersicum (tomato) peel waste and its application in disinfecting metallic surfaces assessment","volume":"9","author":"E Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Nanostruct Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0336309.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11020299","article-title":"Green Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Leaf Extract of Carissa carandas L. and Their Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity against Human Pathogenic Bacteria","volume":"11","author":"R Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"pone.0336309.ref035","first-page":"3237586","article-title":"Antidermatophytic Activity of Ethanolic Extract from Croton tiglium","volume":"2016","author":"HC Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"pone.0336309.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2019.101354","article-title":"Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using Terminalia bellirica and Moringa oleifera fruit and leaf extracts: Antioxidant, antibacterial and thermoacoustic properties","volume":"21","author":"GB Jegadeesan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biocatal Agric Biotechnol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0336309.ref037","first-page":"1581","article-title":"Synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Moringa oleifera: formulation and evaluation against Candida albicans","volume":"4","author":"S Vibhute","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indo Am J Pharmaceut Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336309.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40097-018-0291-4","article-title":"Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the plant extract of Salvia spinosa grown in vitro and their antibacterial activity assessment","volume":"9","author":"S Pirtarighat","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nanostruct Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336309.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8383","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12484-y","article-title":"Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Eugenia roxburghii DC. extract and activity against biofilm-producing bacteria","volume":"12","author":"AK Giri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0336309.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-021-03181-w","article-title":"Insecticidal and fungicidal performance of bio-fabricated silver and gold nanoparticles","volume":"19","author":"A Mondal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0336309.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2015.1068271","article-title":"Caspofungin: Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses and treatment outcomes","volume":"42","author":"JC Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0336309.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2009.07.001","article-title":"Identification of Nile red as a fluorescent substrate of the Candida albicans ATP-binding cassette transporters Cdr1p and Cdr2p and the major facilitator superfamily transporter Mdr1p","volume":"394","author":"I Ivnitski-Steele","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0336309.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00066-09","article-title":"Goa1p of Candida albicans localizes to the mitochondria during stress and is required for mitochondrial function and virulence","volume":"8","author":"A Bambach","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eukaryot Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0336309.ref044","first-page":"170","article-title":"Macrophages in resistance to candidiasis","volume":"61","author":"A V\u00e1zquez-Torres","year":"1997","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0336309.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241539","DOI":"10.3389\/ffunb.2023.1241539","article-title":"Application of anti-fungal vaccines as a tool against emerging anti-fungal resistance","volume":"4","author":"R Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Fungal Biol"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0336309","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T18:38:34Z","timestamp":1763577514000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0336309"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Vartika","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0336309","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]}}}