{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T13:48:43Z","timestamp":1789480123513,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Regional Scholarship and Innovation Fund (RSIF) of the Partnership for Skills in Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology","award":["P165581"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P165581"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Palearctic migratory little stints (\n                    <jats:italic>Calidris minuta<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) can acquire resistant bacteria from contaminated environments and facilitate their transboundary spread. This two-year repeated cross-sectional study assessed the frequency and distribution of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales. Isolates were recovered from fecal samples of\n                    <jats:italic>C. minuta<\/jats:italic>\n                    foraging at the shores of Lakes Bogoria (low anthropogenic activities) and Magadi (high anthropogenic activities), as well as from peripheral freshwater sources shared by birds, humans, livestock and wildlife. A total of 184 fecal samples and 48 water samples were collected upon the birds\u2019 arrival from the Arctic (cohort 1) and pre-departure from the Rift Valley lakes (cohort 2). Samples were cultured, bacterial isolates were identified using MALDI-TOF MS platform and tested against 12 antimicrobials using the Kirby-Bauer disk method. Of the 294 isolates (16 genera and 33 species),\n                    <jats:italic>Enterobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp (31.0%, n\u2009=\u200991) and\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (17.3%, n\u2009=\u200951) predominated. Resistance was highest for ampicillin (50%) and lowest for meropenem (1.0%). The predominant MDR phenotype was a combination of resistances to ampicillin, tetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Specifically, 38 (12.9%) isolates were MDR, 37 (12.6%) co-expressed ESBL-MDR traits, and 19 (6.5%) were ESBL producers that did not meet MDR criteria.\n                    <jats:italic>Enterobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp showed the highest frequencies of MDR (8.2%, n\u2009=\u200924) and combined ESBL-MDR (4.8%, n\u2009=\u200914) phenotypes, while\n                    <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp (3.4%, n\u2009=\u200910) were the most frequent ESBL producers. The statistically non-significant differences (p\u2009&gt;\u20090.05) across study areas, sample sources, and cohorts suggest that resistant strains are pervasive throughout these landscapes, irrespective of anthropogenic pressures. This is the first study to link\n                    <jats:italic>C. minuta<\/jats:italic>\n                    to the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) epidemiological circuit. Our findings underscore the need to include migratory wild birds in AMR surveillance and utilizing whole-genome sequencing to accurately trace the origin and dissemination pathways of AMR strains.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0336315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T17:26:37Z","timestamp":1774632397000},"page":"e0336315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A One Health assessment of antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacterales in migratory little stints (Calidris minuta) and aquatic ecosystems in the Kenyan Rift Valley"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1198-379X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Catherine W.","family":"Mbuthia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rael 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