{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T21:12:20Z","timestamp":1767906740830,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013365","name":"West China Hospital, Sichuan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21HXFH013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21HXFH013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013365","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Backgrounds<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) is a serious complication following hemorrhagic events due to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pathway disorders. We explore the Nuclear Factor \u03baB (NF-\u03baB) signaling pathway\u2019s involvement in choroid plexus epitheliums (CPEs) inflammation and hydrocephalus, aiming to identify new therapeutic targets for managing PHH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to establish an intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) autologous-blood model. Rats were randomly assigned to four groups: artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF), IVH, IVH + TNF-\u03b1 inhibitor, and IVH + NF-\u03baB inhibitor. CSF secretion rates, lateral ventricular volumes, and inflammatory cytokine levels in CSF were measured at 3, 7, and 14 days post-modeling. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to analyze NF-\u03baB pathway activation and the related inflammatory markers, including NF-\u03baB, TNF-\u03b1, Illinois, Na+-K+-Cl\u2212 co-transporter 1 (NKCC1), aquaporin-1 (AQP1), and aquaporin-4 (AQP4),<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TNF-\u03b1 and NF-\u03baB inhibitors effectively reduce lateral ventricular enlargement and CSF secretion rates following IVH in rats. The concentration of TNF-\u03b1 in the IVH group was significantly higher than in the aCSF group as well as the two inhibitor groups. On days 3 and 7 post-modeling, Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses revealed altered expression of pNF-\u03baB (p65), and proteins in CPEs across groups, with TNF-\u03b1 and NF-\u03baB inhibition reducing pNF-\u03baB and levels. Illinois and NKCC1 changes were tissue,<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NF-\u03baB activation post-IVH drives CPEs inflammation, increases CSF production, and contributes to hydrocephalus formation. Targeting the NF-\u03baB pathway offers a promising strategy for the treatment of PHH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0336346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T18:44:25Z","timestamp":1763750665000},"page":"e0336346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Inhibition of NF-\u03baB pathways alleviates hydrocephalus via modulation of choroid plexus epithelium inflammation in a rat intraventricular hemorrhage 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