{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T21:45:07Z","timestamp":1773956707148,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are commonly used to lower blood pressure because they are effective and affordable. However, CCBs can cause vasodilatory adverse effects, including peripheral edema, which may lead to additional therapy and affect adherence. This study assessed the incidence and risk factors of CCB-related edema among hypertensive patients in Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This retrospective multicenter cohort study involved interviews and reviews of medical records of adults (aged \u226518 years) with essential hypertension who were prescribed calcium channel blockers (CCBs) between July 15 and August 14, 2025. A total of 292 participants were selected using systematic random sampling. A structured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic and clinical data. Descriptive statistics summarized baseline characteristics. Time-to-event analysis with the log-rank test assessed the duration from CCB initiation to edema onset. Binary and multivariate logistic regression analyses identified factors associated with CCB-related edema, and a\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 292 participants (mean age 58.2 years; 53.4% female), 20.9% had diabetes mellitus and 16.8% had dyslipidemia. Amlodipine was the most frequently prescribed CCB (94.8%). Peripheral edema developed in 38.7% of patients, with a mean onset time of 8.3 weeks. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, only longer daily standing duration was significantly associated with edema (AOR\u2009=\u20091.92; 95% confidence interval: 1.03\u20133.58;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.041). Time-to-event analysis showed a progressive increase in edema risk with continued CCB use. Patients receiving amlodipine 10 mg daily had a greater (42.5% vs. 33%) and earlier risk of edema than those on 5 mg amlodipine daily (log-rank\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Calcium channel blocker\u2013related peripheral edema is common among Ethiopian patients with hypertension and is more likely with higher doses and prolonged daily standing. Clinicians should be aware of its high prevalence to provide effective patient counseling and avoid unnecessary investigations or treatments, such as diuretics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0336659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T17:33:52Z","timestamp":1773941632000},"page":"e0336659","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Incidence and risk factors of calcium channel blocker\u2013related edema in hypertensive patients: A Multicenter retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1825-4502","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Koricho Simie","family":"Tolla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2233-9270","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gashaw","family":"Solela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Getachew","family":"Wondafrash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abay","family":"Burusie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gebi","family":"Agero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9018-8255","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dureti Desta","family":"Garoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wubshet Abraham","family":"Alemu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bereket Sinshaw","family":"Engida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Surafel Mekasha","family":"Woldeyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Berhanu Moges","family":"Abera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mulualem Alemayehu","family":"Gebreselassie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0336659.ref001","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2025","journal-title":"Global report on hypertension 2025: high stakes\u2013turning evidence into 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